CAD

• Drafting Machine / Drawing Board

  -          A device used extensively by draftsmen. It replaces the T- squares, scale, triangle, and protractor. The machine consists of two movable arms or links which make it possible to locate the horizontal and vertical straightedges at any desire position. A controlling or index head allows the scale for straightedges to be set at any angle. It Drafting Machine is not available. Drawing Board will do.
• T – Square

  -          Used for drawing horizontal lines and for accurate mounting of drawing plates. This is also used as guide to the triangles in drawing vertical and slanting lines.

  -          T-square is used as guide in drawing horizontal lines. They are usually permanent or fixed head and movable adjustable head.

  -          Fixed head t-square and Adjustable head t-square
• Technical Pen

  -          The most common pen used for inking the drawing instead of Ruling pen. The thickness for the line drawn expressed in millimeter will depend on the size of the technical pen needle.
• Triangles

  -          Used as guide for drawing vertical and inclined lines particularly at standard angles 30°, 45° and 60° by placing these triangles firmly against the working edge of the T-square.

  -          Used to guide vertical and inclines lines - One of these right triangles is named a 45-45-90 triangle, where the angles in the triangle are 45 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees. This is an isosceles right triangle. The other triangle is named a 30-60-90 triangle, where the angles in the triangle are 30 degrees, 60 degrees, and 90 degrees.
• French Curves

  -          An instrument use as guide for drawing irregular curves that cannot be performed by compass. A set of French Curve must at least three pieces.

  -          A template used for drawing curved lines
• Compass

  -          Use for drawing arcs and circle. It has a fixed pin in one leg and the other has an adjustable screw to hold lead, compass adaptor and pin to perform.

  -          Straightedge and compass construction, also known as ruler-and-compass construction or classical construction, is the construction of lengths, angles, and other geometric figures using only an idealized ruler and compass
• Divider

  -          Use for transferring measurements or for dividing lines into any number of equal parts.
• Compass Adaptor

  -          A device that can be attach to the adjustable screw of the compass for the purpose of holding technical pen.
• Triangular Scale

  -          To prepare technical drawings full size or to a variety of reduced or enlarge sizes.

  a straight strip or cylinder of plastic, wood, metal, or other rigid material, typically marked at regular intervals, to draw straight lines or measure distances
• Templates

  -          A ruler type plastic tool with opening of different shapes and letters cut into it to serve as guide by technical pen needle.
• Protractors

  -          Use for measuring angles. These are two types of protractors the semicircular and the circular type.

  -          A protractor is a measuring instrument, typically made of transparent plastic or glass, for measuring angles.
• Pencil

  -          It leads were classified as Hard (H) Medium-Soft (HB) and Soft (B). These lead classifications are governed to some extent by the type of drawing made. Draftsmen often prepare to use mechanical Pencil.
• Eraser

  -          Use for removing error line drawn by using pencil or ink without making much damage to the drawing plates.
• Erasing Shield

  -          A rectangular thin sheet of metal or plastic with holes various shape shield is used to protect the plate when removing error lines.
• The Scale

  -          It is a measuring instrument and should not be used to draw lines. Scale are availability in flat and triangular styles. The triangular style is the one most used in schools.
• Steel Tape

  -          consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal strip with linear[1]measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design allows for a measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to measure around curves or corners.
• Surveying instruments: transit level

  -          An optical instrument, or a telescope, complete with a built-in spirit level that is mounted on a tripod. Transit levels are used mainly for surveying and building, but they can be used to determine the relative position of lines and objects as well
• Drawing

  -          The universal language in engineering and technical work.

  -          Any engineering construction whether it be engine design, product design, construction design or any component part of any object requires a well-prepared drawing or plan before it is constructed.
• Types of Drawing

  -          Line drawing

  ·         One method of drawing is to construct an object from lines out of geometric shapes or simple figure.
• Types of Drawing

  -          Pictorial drawing

  ·         Shows object as they would appear in a photograph
• Types of Drawing

  -          Perspective drawing

  ·         These drawings more nearly represent an object as it would appear to the eye.
• Types of perspectives:

  a). One-point perspective

  * a single point on the horizon where a subject vanishes

  b). two-point perspective of angular perspective
• Isometric Drawing

  * Horizontal lines are drawn to recede 30 degrees to the right and 30 degrees to the left.
• Working Drawing

  * To make an object as required, the craftsman must have a clear representation of the shape and definite, accurate information about its size, details, special process, materials and finish. Drawings with two or more vies are used to give complete information about the object
• Working drawing should have:

  1.The general size, shape and function (purpose of the product)

  2. The material specifications that are required (type and the size of metal, wood, plastics, ceramics, papers, fabrics)

  3. The fabrication technique to be used (joints, weld, adhesives)

  4. The hardware that is required (hinges, locks, electrical parts etc.)

   5. The finishing method
• Details and assembly drawing

  * Products which are complex, and the complexity will determine just how much information can be presented on one drawing.
• Lettering

  ·         is important in any drawing because it gives other pertinent information necessary to depict the object under construction with the drawing or the graphical representation fails to show.
• Styles of letters

  ·         Roman Letters

  -          All letters having “accented: strokes or consisting of heavy and lights or thick and thin lines.
• Styles of letters

  ·         Text Letters

  -          Includes all kinds of old English Germane text. This style is often used on diplomas and certificates.
• General proportion of letters

  a.)     Normal letters

  -          when letters are drawn neither too narrow nor too wide.
• •         Capital letter I - the narrowest and the foundation stroke of all letters.
• •         W – widest letter
• General proportion of letters

  b). Compressed letter

  - these letters are narrow in width in proportion to the height and are used when space is limited.
• General proportion of letters

  c.) Extended letters

  • These letters are wider than the normal letters and are used when the space is very wide.