Advanced energy

• Conduction


  Transfer of thermal energy by the vibration of particles
• Convection


  Transfer of thermal energy when particles in a heated fluid rise
• Convection current


  The movement of heated fluids where hot fluid moves upwards, and cold fluid moves downwards
• Infrared radiation


  Radiation given off by the Sun and other objects that brings about energy transfer
• Radiation


  The transfer of energy as a wave
• Temperature


  A measure of the motion and energy of particles
• Thermal conductor


  Material that allows heat to move quickly through it
• Thermal energy store


  The store containing energy due to the vibration or movement of particles of a substance
• Thermal imaging camera


  A camera that absorbs infrared and produces a (false colour) image

  
• Thermal insulator


  Material that only allows heat to travel slowly through it
• Thermometer


  Instrument used to measure temperature
• Energy


  Energy is needed to make things happen
• Energy resource


  Something with stored energy that can be released in a useful way
• Fossil fuel


  Non-renewable energy resources formed over millions of years from the remains of ancient plants or animals. Examples are coal, crude oil, and natural gas
• Joule


  The unit of energy, symbol J
• Kilojoule


  1 kilojoule = 1000 J, symbol kJ
• Kilowatt


  1 kilowatt = 1000 W, symbol kW
• Kilowatt hour


  The unit of energy used by electricity companies, symbol kWh
• Non-renewable


  An energy resource that cannot be replaced once used up and will run out, such as coal, oil, or gas
• Power


  How quickly energy is transferred by a device (watts)
• Renewable


  An energy resource that can be replaced and will not run out. E.g. solar, wind, waves, geothermal, and biomass
• Watt


  The unit of power, symbol W
• The temperature of a substance is a measure of how hot or cold it is. Temperature is measured with a thermometer, it has the units of degrees Celsius (oC)
• The thermal energy of a substance depends on the individual energy of all of the particles, it is measures in Joules (J)
• As all particles are taken into account, a bath of water at 30 oC would have more thermal energy than a cup of tea at 90 oC as there are many more particles
• The faster the particles are moving, the more thermal energy they will have
• When particles are heated they begin to move more quickly
• The energy needed to increase the temperature of a substance depends on: the mass of the substance, what material the substance is made of, how much you want to increase the temperature by
• Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy by the vibration of particles, it cannot happen without particles
• Every time particles collide they transfer thermal energy
• Conduction happens effectively in solids as their particles are close together and can collide often as they vibrate around a fixed point
• Metals are also good thermal conductors as they contain electrons which are free to move
• In conduction the thermal energy will be transferred from an area which has a high thermal energy store (high temperature) to an area where there is a low thermal energy store (low temperature)
• Gases and liquids are poor conductors as their particles are spread out and so do not collide often, we call these insulators
• Convection is the transfer of thermal energy in a liquid or a gas, it cannot happen without particles
• As the particles near the heat source are heated they spread out and become less dense, this means that they will rise
• More dense particles will take their place at the bottom nearest the heat source creating a constant flow of particles
• This is known as a convection current
• Convection cannot happen in a solid as the particles cannot flow, they can only move around a fixed point
• Radiation is a method of transferring energy without the need for particles