lesson 5

• Substance abuse


  • Many communities are plagued with problems of substance abuse among youth
  • Some children start smoking or chewing tobacco at an early age, aided by easy access to tobacco products
• Sexual abuse


  • Sexual behavior or act forced upon a woman, man, or child without their consent
  • Abuse by another man, woman, or child
• 
  

  Dyslexia - is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding)
• Learning disabilities


  • Disorders that affect the way individuals with normal or above normal intelligence receive, store, organize, retrieve, and use information
• School phobia


  • Persistent and irrational fear of going to school
  • Must be distinguished from a mere dislike of school that is related to issues such as a new teacher, a difficult examination, the class bully, lack of confidence, or having to undress for a gym class
• Bipolar disorder


  • A period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and increased activity or energy, lasting at least 4 consecutive days and present most of the day, nearly every day, or that requires hospitalization
• Major depressive disorder (MDD)


  • A period of at least 2 weeks during which there is either depressed mood or the loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities
  • In children and adolescents, the mood may be irritable rather than sad
• Mood disorders


  The development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to identifiable stressors that occur within 3 months of the onset of the stressors
• Bulimia nervosa


  • Teenagers with bulimia nervosa typically 'binge and purge' by engaging in uncontrollable episodes of overeating (bingeing) usually followed by compensatory behavior such as: purging through vomiting, use of laxatives, enemas, fasting, or excessive exercise
  • Eating binges may occur as often as several times a day but are most common in the evening and night hours
• Anorexia nervosa


  • Teenagers with anorexia may take extreme measures to avoid eating and to control the quantity and quality of the foods they eat
  • They may become abnormally thin and still talk about feeling fat
  • They typically continue to strict diet even at very unhealthy weights because they have a distorted image of their body
• Eating disorders


  Irregular eating habits and severe distress or concern about body weight or shape
• Formal operational stage


  • The final stage that begins around age 12 and continues into adulthood
  • Involves many advanced thinking skills, such as critical-thinking, reasoning, and strategizing
• Concrete-operational stage


  • Depicts an important step in the cognitive development of children
  • Thinking in this stage is characterized by logical operations, such as conservation, reversibility or classification, allowing logical reasoning
• Jean Piaget


  • Swiss psychologist and genetic epistemologist
  • Most famously known for his theory of cognitive development that looked at how children develop intellectually throughout the course of childhood
• Cognitive challenges of adolescence

  Piaget believed that adolescence is the time when young people develop cognitively from "concrete operations" to "formal" operations", so they are able to deal with ideas, concepts, and abstract theories
• Adolescence


  A stage in a young person's life in which they move from dependency on their parents to independence, autonomy, and maturity