Jacob Marley

• Marley's Ghost

  The first apparition who appears to Scrooge, warning him to change his ways or face the damning consequences in the afterlife
• Scrooge and Marley

  They were partners for many years, and their characters are likened to each other
• Structure of the novella

  Marley outlines that Scrooge will be visited by Three Spirits, establishing a timeline of events
• Scrooge and Marley's relationship

  Dickens emphasises their close yet superficial companionship, highlighting the importance of relationships
• "I wear the chains I forged in life": 'Holds a double meaning, both literal and figurative, representing how Marley is now held captive for eternity because of his actions in life'
• "no rest, no peace. Incessant torture of remorse": 'Creates a sense of tension and mirrors Marley's trapped and claustrophobic feelings in purgatory'
• "Mankind was my business": 'Reflects Dickens' ideas on social responsibility, highlighting the importance of being socially conscious'