Chapter 2

• Surveying and Remote Sensing

  Measurement of distance between two points on any surface
• Measurement of Distance


  • Accurate determination
  • One of the basic operations of plane surveying
• Methods of determining distance

  • Distance by Pacing
  • Distance by Taping
  • Distance by Tachymetry
  • Distance by Graphical and Mathematical Methods
  • Distance by Mechanical Devices
  • Distance by Photogrammetry

  
• Pacing


  Method or process of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance

  
• Pace


  • Length of a step in walking, may be measured from heel to heel or from toe to toe
• Factors affecting the length of a pace

  • Speed of pacing
  • Roughness of the ground
  • Weight of clothing and shoes used
  • Fatigue on the part of the pacer
  • Slope of the terrain
  • Age and sex of the individual
• Pace Factor


  The length of one's pace

  
• Taping


  Process of directly measuring distances with the use of a graduated tape
• Composition of Taping Party

  • Head Tapeman
  • Recorder
  • Flagman
  • Rear Tapeman
• Procedure of Taping


  Steps in taping
• Breaking Tape


  Measuring short distances on uneven and sloping ground to accumulate a full tape length
• Tachymetry


  Indirect method of measurement based on the optical geometry of the instruments employed
• Stadia Method


  Determining distance using a telescope with two horizontal hairs and a graduated rod

  
• Graphical and Mathematical Methods

  Determining distance using coordinates of points

  
• Mechanical Devices


  Devices used to measure distance, including odometers, measuring wheels, and optical rangefinders

  
• Photogrammetry


  Measurement of images on a photograph to determine distance
• Global Navigation Satellite Systems

  Fixing of satellites to determine position of points and measure distance