respiratory

    Cards (50)

    • Respiratory System
      The system responsible for bringing oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream and removing carbon dioxide
    • Why can you "see your breath" on a cold day?
    • Respiration
      The life-sustaining process in which gases are exchanged between the body and the outside atmosphere
    • Structural components of the respiratory system
      • Upper respiratory system
      • Lower respiratory system
    • Upper respiratory system
      • Nasal cavity
      • Pharynx
      • Larynx
    • Lower respiratory system
      • Trachea
      • Bronchi
      • Lungs
    • Supporting Structures
      • Thoracic cage
      • Muscles of breathing including the diaphragm and accessory muscles
    • Otorhinolaryngology
      The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat (ENT)
    • Conducting zone

      • Series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs
    • Respiratory zone

      • Tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs between air and blood
    • Nose
      • Specialized organ at the entrance to the respiratory system
      • External portion made of cartilage and skin, lined with mucous membrane
      • Nasal cavity separated into right and left halves by nasal septum
      • Contains vestibular, olfactory, and respiratory regions
    • Pharynx
      • Funnel-shaped tube posterior to the nasal and oral cavities
      • Composed of skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane
      • Functions as a passageway for air and food, a resonating chamber for speech, and houses the tonsils
      • Divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
    • Larynx
      • Connects the pharynx and trachea, helps conduct air through the respiratory tract, contains the vocal cords which vibrate to produce sound
      • Protects the trachea from aspirated food, the epiglottis closes over the entrance to the larynx during swallowing
    • Structures of the Larynx
      • Thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
      • Epiglottis
      • Cricoid cartilage
      • Arytenoid cartilages
      • False vocal cords
      • True vocal cords
    • Trachea
      • Extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi, composed of smooth muscle and C-shaped rings of cartilage, lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
      • Bifurcates at the level of vertebrae T4-5 into the right and left main bronchi, the site of bifurcation is called the carina
    • Bronchi and Bronchioles
      • Right and left main bronchi divide into lobar bronchi, which further divide into segmental bronchi and then bronchioles
      • Bronchioles have less cartilage and are mainly composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, still have a lining of ciliated epithelium
      • Bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles, the arrangement is known as the bronchial tree
    • Lungs
      • Paired organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the pleural membrane
      • Right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes
      • Each lobe consists of lobules containing lymphatic vessels, arterioles, venules, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
    • Structure of an Alveolus
      • Small sacs surrounded by capillaries, adapted for efficient gaseous exchange
      • Walls are only one cell thick, made of specialized squamous cells
      • Capillaries are very close to the alveolar walls, decreasing the diffusion distance
      • Type I cells represent the gas exchange surface, type II cells act as "caretakers" and produce surfactant
    • Pulmonary Ventilation
      1. Inhalation occurs when pressure inside the lungs is less than atmospheric pressure
      2. Exhalation occurs when pressure inside the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure
      3. Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles create the air pressure changes that power breathing
    • Alveoli
      • Factors that decrease the diffusion distance and increase the rate of gaseous exchange
    • Type I cell
      A complex branched cell with multiple cytoplasmic plates, these plates represent the gas exchange surface in the alveolus
    • Type II cell

      Acts as the "caretaker" of the alveolar compartment, responds to damage of the type I cell by dividing and acting as a progenitor cell for both type I and type II cells, synthesises, stores and releases pulmonary surfactant
    • Pulmonary ventilation
      1. The flow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs, occurs due to differences in air pressure
      2. We inhale when the pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmospheric air pressure
      3. We exhale when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the atmospheric air pressure
      4. Contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles create the air pressure changes that power breathing
    • Inhalation
      1. The diaphragm contracts when it receives nerve impulses from the phrenic nerves
      2. The SCMs, scalenes, and pectoralis minors contribute to forced inhalation
      3. External intercostal m. participate in relax inhalation
    • Exhalation
      Forced exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostals, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis
    • Lung volumes
      The volume of gas in the lungs at a given time during the respiratory cycle, measures the amount of air for one function (such as inhalation or exhalation)
    • Lung capacities
      Derived from a summation of different lung volumes, the average total lung capacity of an adult human male is about 6 litres of air
    • Spirometry
      Lung volumes measurement is an integral part of pulmonary function test, used to measure tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
    • Spirometer
      An apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs
    • Lung volumes
      • Tidal volume (0.5L)
      • Inspiratory reserve volume (2.5L)
      • Expiratory reserve volume (1.5L)
      • Residual volume/reserve volume (1.5L)
    • Partial pressure
      The pressure of a specific gas in a mixture
    • External respiration
      The exchange of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary blood capillaries
    • Internal respiration
      The exchange of gases between systemic tissue capillaries and systemic tissue cells
    • Hemoglobin
      About 98.5 percent of blood O2 is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells
    • Ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
      • Dissolved in plasma (7%)
      • Combines with the globin of hemoglobin (23%)
      • Converted to bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) (70%)
    • Carbon dioxide influences
      Respiratory rate
    • Blood oxygen
      Secondary influencer on respiratory rate
    • Abnormally low blood pH

      Increases the respiratory rate
    • Respiratory center
      The medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata, and the pontine respiratory group in the pons
    • Exercise and the respiratory system
      1. The abrupt increase in ventilation at the start of exercise is due to neural changes that send excitatory impulses to the inspiratory area in the medulla oblongata
      2. The more gradual increase in ventilation during moderate exercise is due to chemical and physical changes in the bloodstream
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