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• Research Design


  The process of transforming a research concept into a research project or plan that can then be carried out in practice by a research or research team
• Ethnography


  • Qualitative research design that focuses on understanding human behavior in the cultural context in which it is embedded
• Purpose of ethnographic research


  To describe a culture's characteristics
• Phenomenology


  • Method of qualitative analysis that aims to investigate a phenomenon or a person's experiences
• Purpose of phenomenology


  To describe experiences as they are lived
• Grounded Theory


  • Approach that generates and modifies a theory about the processes (social action or scene) that are being studied in a natural environment
• Purpose of Grounded Theory


  Used in discovering what problems exist in a social science and how people handled them - Involves formulation, testing, and development of propositions until a theory is developed
• Case Study


  • Useful if you want to learn more in-depth and precise information about a situation, a group of people, or a person
• Purpose of Case Study


  Gives an in-depth description on the experiences of one person, family, group, community, or institution
• Historical Research

  • Employed by researchers who are interested in reporting events and/or conditions that occurred in the past. An attempt is made to establish facts in order to arrive at conclusions concerning past events or predict future events.
• Purpose of Historical Research

  Describe and examine events of the past to understand the present and anticipate potential future effects
• Narrative Analysis

  • Involves telling stories about people's experiences and the significance they derive from them. Narrative research is a powerful tool for accessing and analyzing emotions, thoughts, and experiences.
• Population


  A large collection of individuals or objects that is the main focus of a scientific query
• Sample


  A portion or part of the population that is representative of the population from which it was selected
• APA

  Commonly used format to cite sources within the social sciences
• Probability Sampling

  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Systematic Random Sampling
  • Stratified Random Sampling
  • Cluster Sampling
  • Multistage Sampling
• Non-Probability Sampling

  • Quota Sampling
  • Purposive/Purposeful Sampling
  • Volunteer Sampling
  • Convenience Sampling
  • Snowball Sampling
• Steps in Sampling

  1. Identify the population of interest

  2. Specify a sampling frame

  3. Specify a sampling method

  4. Determine your sample size

  5. Implement the plan
• Research Instrument


  Measurement tool like interview guide questions and questionnaires which is designed to obtain data on a topic of interest from research subjects or participants
• Interview

  • Basic data collection method involving structured and generally open-ended questions that are few in number and are intended to elicit views and opinions from the participants
• Types of Interviews

  • Structured Interview
  • Unstructured Interview
  • Semi-structured Interview
• Observation

  • Data collection method or tool that is preferred when the use of interviews and questionnaires are not possible. Its purpose is to record and document behaviors and phenomena.
• Audio Recorder

  Data gathering instrument specifically designed to capture verbatim responses of participants in qualitative research
• Purpose of field notes in qualitative research data collection

  To document observations and interactions during the conduct of the interview
• Role of the researcher in a focus group discussion

  To facilitate the discussion
• Steps in the Process of Observing

  1. Select the research site

  2. Develop observational protocol

  3. Focus the observation

  4. Determine your role

  5. Record field notes

  6. Slowly withdraw
• Steps in Conducting a Qualitative Interview

  1. Decide whether interviews are appropriate

  2. Choose the type of interview

  3. Invite participants

  4. Develop an interview protocol

  5. Arrange the audio equipment

  6. Arrange for a quiet setting for the interview

  7. Conduct the interview

  8. Follow-up after an interview
• Parts of an Interview Protocol

  • Basic Information about the Interview
  • Introduction
  • Opening Question
  • Content Questions
  • Closing Instructions
• Usability

  Ease with which an instrument can be administered, interpreted by the participant, and scored/interpreted by the researcher
• Types of Validity


  • External Validity
  • Content Validity
• External Validity

  The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized from a sample to a population
• Content Validity

  The appropriateness of the content to an instrument
• Rigor

  Openness, scrupulous adherence to a philosophical perspective, thoroughness in collecting data, and thoroughness in the consideration of all the data
• Participant Observation


  • The researcher immerses himself/herself in the natural setting of the research participant and involve the researcher taking lengthy and descriptive notes of what is happening
• Techniques for collecting data through observation

  • Written descriptions
  • Video recording
  • Photographs and artifacts
  • Documentation
• Focus Group Interview


  • 6 to 8 persons participate in the interview in which critical issues or sensitive ones can be more freely discussed
• Observational Evaluation


  • The researcher may or may not participate in the activities of the group being observed. But mostly, observes and records both the verbal and non-verbal behavior of a person or a group of persons.
• Biography/Autobiography


  • Personal biographies or diaries offer a rich source of data or evidence that can shed light or provide tentative answers to research questions
• Research Methodology

  A description of how exactly you will conduct your research. This section usually includes the research design/method, participants of the study, instrumentation, data gathering procedure and data processing procedure.
• Coding


  The process of analyzing the data and searching for essential information that answers the research questions. In other words, it is a process of filtering the data.