lang change

• What is an emoji


  A small image used to express an idea or emotion in digital communication.

  controlled by Unicode
• Advantages of emojis


  easy to use

  flexible meanings dependent on context

  anyone can propose an emoji
• Disadvantages of emojis


  can't display everything

  different devices show different images

  no universal meanings
• McCulloh and Gwane


  emojis are a gesture, not a language. they need lexical context and they have no syntax
• Functional theory- Halliday


  language changes to meet the needs of its user. language creates meaning
• David Crystal Summary


  language is like the tide, language has no direction

  language is influenced by factors much as age, gender, religion

  LC is unconscious

  LC affects 1% of language
• Aichinson's 3 metaphors


  Crumbling Castle

  Infectious Disease

  Damp Spoon
• Crumbling Castle


  View holds that English language is like a beautiful stately home that should be preserved
• Infectious Disease


  The English Language is being polluted and becoming infected by language change.
• Damp spoon


  language changes because people are lazy
• Causes of Language Change- Romaine


  Internal Factors- factors within the language. eg: GVS
• External Factors

  factors outside the language eg: technology
• Academic Françoise

  Organization that maintains the French language to prevent LC. This allows them to read text from hundreds of years ago with ease
• The Great Vowel Shift


  phonological shift that took place over 300 years. 1400-1700. pronunciation of long vowels became shortened.
• Examples of the GVS

  beet - boot

  moat - meat

  bait - boat
• Standardisation


  the widely agreed form of the English Language which addresses SPAG. Dictionary keeps track of this
• Steps of Standardisation


  1. in 1476, Caxton developed the printing press. It was done in Kent, establishing the East Midland dialect as the norm.

  2. in 1755, Samuel Johnson wrote a dictionary over 8 years. he realised he couldn't control language as its subjective.
• Louths book


  Robert Louth published a book- 'A short intro to English Grammar', but it wasn't mass used because not everyone had an education
• IMPORTANT DATES


  1476- Caxton's printing press

  1755- Johnson's published dictionary

  1879- Oxford dictionary began

  1922- BCC was born and used standardised English when live

  1980- National Curriculum introduced- all students taught standardised English
• History Of Language Change

  Pre 1st century

  Celtic tribes related to welsh, Scottish and Irish

  Used the ogham alphabet
• Century 1-5- Romans


  Romans invade the celts

  They bring over Latin lexemes such as Wine and curriculum but most words are lost
• Century 5-8- Anglo Saxons and Jutes


  Arrive from north Germany

  Write in Runes

  Language was Old English

  We lost inflections
• Century 8-11- Vikings


  Bring old Norse mixed with Old English

  They occupied most of England leading to inter marriages and mix of the languages

  Brought many aggressive words such as axe and anger
• Century 11-14- Norman French


  French invasion in 1066

  The Black Death (1347-1350) killed millions of people so people spread out to find new jobs and safe spaces

  In 1362 English became the official language of the law
• Century 18-19


  English became more standardised due to increased education

  Lexus expanded globally to America

  James Murray completes new English dictionary which took 5 years
• Substratum Theory


  Language changes through having contact with other languages.
• Louths 5 wrong grammar rules

  1. No initial coordinators. Eg: But, Because

  2. Passive voice should be used carefully. BY ZOMBIES

  3. Difference between less and fewer

  4. Never end a sentence in a proposition

  5. Never split an infinitive
• Clipping


  shortening words to become the norm
• Acronym


  abbreviation of word/phrase
• Initialism


  Acronyms that can't be pronounced
• Pejoration


  negative meaning over time
• Amelioration


  positive meaning over time
• Swift (1712)


  main concerns were a dislike of: vagueness in language; shortened words; unnecessary contractions; unnecessary polysyllabic words; words 'invented by some pretty fellow
• Inkhorn Controversy


  Describes the ornate French terms used as they literally took up ink
• Samuel Daniel


  Spoke of English as the 'treasure of our tongue
• Thomas Nashe


  Sees the English Language as a disgrace due to mono syllabic legend which reduce the richness of the language
• Influence of French


  Result of intermarriages and the production of bilingual children in its English and French families due to the French invasion
• Influence of Latin


  Latin words were incorporated as levels of trade and exploration increased. Less of a bad reputation due to its religious connections
• S-curve


  a curve that depicts growth; shape of an "S. can plot PIDC on it
• Aichinsons PIDC model


  Potential

  Innovation

  Dispersal

  Codification