tectonic hazards

    Cards (13)

    • Volcanoes
      • Destructive margin
      • Constructive margin
    • Earthquakes
      • Destructive margin
      • Conservative margin
      • Constructive margin
    • Plate tectonics
      1. Plates move apart
      2. One plate gets stuck under the other
      3. Plates get stuck as they grind past each other
    • Volcano formation
      1. Crust subducts, it melts and forms magma
      2. Magma rises through vents
      3. Magma rises into gap
      4. Constructive margin builds along cracks in the plates as they move apart
      5. A volcano forms
    • Some volcanoes form in the middle of plates over hot parts of the mantle (hotspots)
    • Living with tectonic hazards
      • People live in areas vulnerable to tectonic hazards for many reasons: they can't afford to move, they don't know the risks, they've always lived in the area, they think the government will support them
    • Volcanic ash makes soil fertile
    • Volcanoes attract tourists, creating jobs
    • Monitoring and prediction
      1. Scientists monitor changes in volcano shape, escaping gases and small earthquakes to help predict eruptions
      2. Seismometers and lasers monitor tectonic plate movements for early warning systems
    • Protection
      1. Strengthened/sloped roofs to withstand ash fall
      2. Trenches or barriers built to divert lava
      3. New buildings use reinforced concrete
      4. Steel frames reinforce existing structures
      5. Automatic shut-offs for gas and electricity prevent fires
    • Planning
      1. Teach people how to react if a hazard occurs
      2. Plan evacuation routes
      3. Stockpile emergency supplies (e.g. food, blankets, clean water)
      4. Avoid new developments in high-risk areas
      5. Emergency services practise rescue procedures
    • Immediate responses
      Kaikoura: Tsunami warning issued, hundreds in emergency shelters, vulnerable people evacuated, power restored within hours, temporary water supplies set up, other countries sent food and medicine
      Gorkha: Efforts to rescue people slowed by lack of tools, bodies recovered and injured people treated, 130,000 families housed in emergency shelters, charities provided aid but delivery slowed by blocked roads
    • Long-term responses
      Kaikoura: $5.3m from District Council for repairs and rebuilding, road and rail routes reopened within 2 years, earthquake-proof water main laid
      Gorkha: $500m from World Bank Group, some roads reopened, heritage sites reopened in June 2015 to attract tourists, water supplies restored but took a long time, NGOs working with residents to increase disaster resilience
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