drrr

• Natural event


  An event like a volcanic eruption that does not pose a threat to defined elements at risk
• Hazard


  An event that poses a threat with respect to elements at risk because it is along the potential path or within affected areas
• Disaster


  When the probable destructive agent hits a vulnerable populated area
• Exposure


  The number of people or structures within the area exposed to hazards is the most reliable and least subjective indicator
• Man-made hazard


  A hazard originating from technological or industrial conditions, including accidents, dangerous procedures or infrastructure failures
• Vulnerability


  The severity of loss or damage due to the occurrence of a hazard
• Intensity


  A measure on the impacts on the ground, on people, and on structures
• Frequency


  How often an event occurs
• Biological hazard


  A biological substance that poses a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans
• Strike-slip fault


  Associated with horizontal movement along the fault plane
• Topple


  A type of landslide which occurs suddenly when a massive part of very steep slopes breaks loose and rotate forward
• Tropical cyclone development stages

  1. Tropical Depression

  2. Storm

  3. Typhoon
• Tornado


  Narrow, funnel or cylindrical-shaped, and intensely-rotating columns of wind that form during powerful thunderstorms and extend from the base of a cumulonimbus cloud down to the earth's surface
• Liquefaction


  A geological phenomenon that occurs when saturated soil loses its strength and stiffness due to an applied stress, such as shaking during an earthquake
• Tsunami


  A series of large ocean waves generated by sudden movements of the Earth's crust beneath the ocean floor, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, underwater landslides, or meteorite impacts
• Elastic rebound theory


  A geological concept that explains the occurrence of earthquakes along fault lines. The theory suggests that before an earthquake, stress accumulates along a fault line as tectonic plates slowly move past each other. This stress causes the rocks on either side of the fault to deform elastically, storing potential energy like a stretched rubber band.
• Fire growth stage


  Heat release rate increases as result of the burning of additional fuel
• Fire tetrahedron


  A visual aid that reminds us of the four important ingredients required to initiate and sustain fire: Oxidizing Agent, Heat, Uninhibited Chemical Reaction, and Fuel
• Class B fire


  A type of fire that can be extinguished by forming a blockade between oxygen and the fuel, for instance, by applying a layer of foam
• Volcanic gas


  The most abundant volcanic gas released into the atmosphere is water vapor
• Ballistic projectiles


  A special kind of tephra
• Third-degree burn


  A type of burn which is referred to as a full-thickness burn and skin is gray, dry and with no feeling sensation
• Bolide


  Any extraterrestrial object
• Impact crater


  The depression excavated by the impactor
• Bolide classifications


  • Asteroids
  • Comets
  • Meteoroids
• Bolide impacts happen almost anywhere and they have happened a lot more than what we might think!
• Meteorite impact craters on Earth may not be that abundant because of weathering, erosion, volcanism, and tectonic activity
• Evidence of past impacts

  • Impact crater
  • Meteorite/s
  • Materials like tektites, impact breccia, shatter cones, impact spherules, shocked quartz
  • Chemical traces such as anomalously high levels of iridium
  • Geophysical signatures like circular magnetic and gravity (density) anomalies and seismic reflection images
• Potential effects of a large impact event

  • Very strong earthquakes reaching up to magnitude 13 in the Richter scale and, subsequently, aftershocks of gradually decreasing magnitude
  • Drastic changes in climatic conditions
  • Wildfires
  • Tsunamis
  • Acid rain
• Causes of ground subsidence

  • Carbonate dissolution and collapse
  • Excessive groundwater withdrawal
  • Extraction of oil and natural gas
  • Earthquakes
  • Underground mining methods
  • Isostatic rebound
  • Change in season
• Ground subsidence


  The relative lowering of the earth's surface usually with respect to the mean sea level
• Effects of ground subsidence

  • Sudden ground collapse events can be catastrophic but are usually isolated and very limited in expanse
  • Slow subsidence can proceed almost unnoticeably but may still cause serious, widespread damage to property
• Mitigating subsidence-related hazards


  • Map out the areas which are subsidence-prone and to either avoid development in the area or adapt by modifying or strengthening structures
  • Areas which experience subsidence are prone to severe, extensive, and prolonged flooding so structures and roads, for instance, could be elevated, and dikes and pumping or drainage systems can be constructed
• Coastal erosion


  A natural process which shapes shorelines by the wearing away of coastal land or beaches, mainly by the impact of waves along the shoreline
• Natural causes of coastal erosion

  • Waves
  • Currents
  • Tides
  • Wind-driven water
  • Ice
  • Rainwater
  • Groundwater
  • Wind
• Man-made causes of coastal erosion

  • Removal of vegetation cover exposing sediment to wind and water action
  • Concentration of drainage water flow into the sea causing erosion of that part of the coast
  • Construction of structures including coastal erosion control structures that interfere with the natural flow of coastal materials, causing erosion in adjacent areas of the shore
  • Building activities that damage natural protective features
  • Activities which destroy natural protective features such as dunes and vegetation cover
  • Shipping and boating activities producing extra wave action
• Managing coastal erosion


  • Preservation of and restriction of activities and development in natural protective features (e.g., dunes and beaches)
  • Regulating coastal erosion protection structures to ensure that natural protective features are not damaged
  • Prohibiting construction in areas of active coastal erosion and in areas within reach of coastal storms
  • Restricting development of public utilities in areas prone to coastal erosion to discourage new development in these areas
• Disaster risk reduction (DRR)


  Systematic efforts to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the effects of hazards

  
• Disaster management


  The entire array of activities aimed at reducing the severity of impact of the disaster-causing event which are undertaken before, during, and after a disaster

  
• Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRRM)


  Engages communities not only in DRR but also in all phases of the disaster management cycle