DISS Final Exam

• Psychoanalysis


  Focuses on the unconscious mind, which contains our repressed ideas, emotions, and memories
• Unconscious thoughts


  Ideas, desires, and emotions we may not be aware of
• Conscious thoughts


  Ideas, desires, and emotions we are aware of
• Unconscious motivation


  The influence of unconscious thoughts on conscious thoughts and behavior
• Techniques in psychoanalysis

  • Free association
  • Dream interpretation
  • Analysis of Freudian slips
• Sigmund Freud


  Known for his psychoanalytic theory, analyzed mental disorders and proposed methods of treatment
• Theory of Personality


  According to Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian, this theory says there is a conflict in the mind
• Iceberg metaphor


  Shows the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels of our mind
• Conscious mind


  Exposed above the iceberg
• Preconscious mind


  Submerged yet somewhat visible, contains anything that an individual could readily pull into his or her conscious awareness
• Unconscious mind


  Submerged deep in the waters
• Id


  Contains our biological drives - sex and aggression, operates on the pleasure principle
• Ego


  Emphasizes logic and rationality, balances instinctual urges and moral rules, operates on the reality principle
• Superego


  Represents our moral codes or conscience, rewards us for doing what is morally right or punishes us with guilt
• Id and superego clash

  Causes anxiety
• Defense mechanisms


  Processes that the individual uses to protect himself or herself from anxiety
• A balance is needed between the id, ego, and superego
• Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious mind, which contains our repressed ideas, emotions, and memories.
• Unconscious mind


  The part of an individual's mind that refers to a repository of feelings and urges of which we have no awareness
• According to Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian, Freud's work has contributed to psychology as well as other fields.
• In order to better understand psychoanalysis, we have to differentiate between unconscious thoughts and conscious thoughts.
• Unconscious motivation is the influence of unconscious thoughts on conscious thoughts and behavior.
• According to the author Cynthia Vinney, the theory of personality says that the conflict in our minds is caused by a clash among the id, ego, and superego.
• symbols refer to social objects used to represent whatever people agree they shall represent. 
• According to author Joel Charon, symbols refer to social objects used to represent whatever people agree they shall represent. 
• Symbolic Interactionism

  • a major approach in sociology that centers on social interactions in specific situations in society.
• According to John Macionis and Linda Gerber,

  symbolic interactionism “sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals."
• According to sociologist James Farganis, Blumer sees (SI) as a unique human process that requires an individual to understand the meaning of something 
• Herber Blumer

  • one of the important figures in symbolic interactionism, according to Wallace and Wolf
  • proposed the three basic premises of symbolic interactionism
• three basic premises of symbolic interactionism:

  1. Importance of meanings
  2. How meanings are formed through social interaction
  3. How individuals can interpret meaning on their own or the "interpretative process"
• According to Wallace and Wolf, the meanings we attach to something may change depending on how we perceive it.
• interpretative process the act of “talking to oneself" as a way to process and handle meanings
• MAX WEBER

  • was a German sociologist and political economist 
  • one of the greatest social scientists of the twentieth century.
• Max Weber in symbolic interactionism

  1. verstehen
  2. action theory
• Verstehen (“interpretive understanding”)

  -it implies the need to understand how an individual makes sense of an action or experience.
• action theory - the importance of subjective meaning and it proved to be influential to symbolic interactionism as a general approach in sociology.
• • MEANING is a social product; it is created, not inherent in things; it is not a given.
• The process of Symbolic Interactionism:

  Symbols, Establish meanings, Develop their views, Communicate with each other, & Society
• Robert K. Merton


  proponent under manifest and latent function
• Emile Durkheim

  • the prominent figure under structural functionalism
  • his contribution includes his ideas on collective science and integration