carbs

• _______ make up the greatest proportion of the body

  mass of organisms.

  carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are biomolecules that are most well known for their

  members, which are ______.

  sugars
• Historically, the word carbohydrate came from the root words, “carbon” and “hydrate”,

  which translates to “__”

  hydrated carbon
• A carbohydrate is a biomolecule that has either a ketone group or an aldehyde group, as

  well as the presence of many groups of ____.

  hydroxyls
• Carbohydrates are also ____ molecules due to the presence of at least one chiral carbon

  atom.

  chiral
• These can exist as either ___ or the levorotatory forms, which account

  for the existence of the L- or D- enantiomers and are based on the orientation of the

  molecule.

  dextrorotatory
• Most carbohydrates found in our body are in their _-form.

  D
• Carbohydrates are _____ aldehydes and ketones commonly called sugars.

  polyhydroxylated
• _____ sugars cannot be converted into

  smaller groups.

  Simple
• ____ sugars are made up of long chains of simple sugars.

  Complex
• Simple sugars or ____- have the general formula CnH2nOn, where n varies from

  3 to 8.

  monosaccharides
• They can be classified into ____ and ketoses, based on which is present in the sugar.

  aldoses
• ____ are molecules with

  the same molecular formulas but different structures.

  Isomers
• These line-structure formats are also known as ___, which is a method of

  visualizing organic molecules in a line-structure format.

  Fischer projections
• It is named after ____, the

  person who discovered Fischer Projections.

  Emil Fischer
• _____ are differences in geometry visible in the carbons of some sugar molecules.

  Anomers
• In the

  acyclic form of sugars, the ___ carbon is not a stereocenter but becomes one in the cyclic forms.

  anomeric
• In the ____, the -OH in carbon 1 and -CH2OH in carbon 5 are pointed towards opposite

  sides of the ring plane.

  a-form
• In the ___, the -OH in carbon 1 and -CH2OH in carbon 5 are

  pointed in the same direction.

  B-form
• These cyclic forms are commonly represented in a format known as a ____,

  wherein the carbon labeled “1” is the anomeric carbon.

  Haworth projection
• ____ consist of two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond.

  Disaccharides
• They

  are formed through ___, where monosaccharides are joined with the

  loss of water.

  condensation reactions
• They are broken down into their respective monosaccharides through ___, which breaks them apart with the addition of water.

  hydrolysis
• __-, which is composed of

  galactose and glucose, can be found in both human and cow’s milk.

  Lactose
• ____, which is commonly known as table sugar, is composed of glucose and fructose.

  Whether raw or refined, all table sugar is sucrose.

  Sucrose
• The ___ bonds can be either alpha or beta glycosidic bonds.

  glycosidic
• An ___ bond has the oxygen of the

  aldehyde/ketone group beneath the ring’s structure, whereas the beta bond has it above.

  alpha
• ____ consist of ten to a thousand monosaccharide units.

  Polysaccharides
• ____ consists of glucose units linked by β-glycosidic bonds. It functions as a structural

  unit that gives strength and rigidity to plants.

  Cellulose
• ___ also consists of glucose units however, unlike cellulose, glucose units are linked by

  α-glycosidic bonds.

  Starch
• It functions as the major food storage in plant seeds and tubers. Starch

  is made up of two major carbohydrates, amylose and _____.

  amylopectin
• An additional type, the _____, refers to a polysaccharide with less than 10 units of

  monosaccharides.

  oligosaccharide
• ___ contain only one type of

  monosaccharide unit

  Homopolysaccharides
• ____ are composed of two or more

  monosaccharide types.


  heteropolysaccharides
• ____ and lactose are utilized by many organisms to power metabolic processes.

  Glucose
• ____, on the other hand, is a carbohydrate found in the

  exoskeleton of arthropods.

  Chitin
• ____ are proteins that are bound to carbohydrates.

  Glycoproteins