organic chemistry

• isomer

  have the same molecular formula but different structure
• fractional distillation separates hydrocarbons. How?

  oil is heated until most of it is a gas

  in the column there is a temperature gradient

  when substance reaches part of the column cooler than their boiling point, they condense
• cracking

  breaking molecules down into simpler molecules by heating them
• conditions for cracking:

  temperature has to be around 600 - 700°C

  uses a catalyst called silica (SiO2) or alumina (Al2O3)
• what does cracking produce

  a short chain alkane and an alkene
• complete combustion for hydrocarbons

  hydrocarbon + oxygen > water + carbon dioxide
• what does burning hydrocarbons sometimes cause

  acid rain
• saturated

  does not contain a double carbon bond
• chlorine and bromine react with alkanes in the presence of what

  UV light
• halogens react with alkanes to make haloalkanes. what kind of reaction is this

  substitution
• describe the reaction between bromine and ethene

  it makes a haloalkane called dibromoethane

  it is an addition reaction

  double carbon bond is split and added to each carbon
• how do you test for alkenes and alkanes

  mix with bromine water

  an alkene makes solution colour less

  an alkane makes solution stay orange
• refinery gases

  used in domestic heating and cooking
• gasoline

  petrol for cars
• kerosene

  fuel in aircrafts
• diesel

  fuel for trucks
• fuel oil

  fuel for ships
• bitumen


  road surfaces
• what are the uses of bubble caps

  stop the separated liquids from running back down and remixing with other substances
• homologous series

  group of compounds which share similar properties