ENGLISH 2

• Claim


  A statement open for discussion or arguments
• Claim of fact


  An expert's statement based on studies and data from credible sources
• Claim of value


  A subjective statement primarily influenced by a person's culture, background, religion, and other personal factors
• Formulating counterclaims for a claim of fact

  1. Understand the central claim and examine the supporting information

  2. Determine the strengths and weaknesses of the author's claim

  3. Think of opposing arguments that can disprove or weaken the central claim and cite textual evidence

  4. Formulate your counterclaims and provide the necessary support
• Gaining a different perspective on a claim of fact

  1. Verify the cited source of the claim

  2. Check other sources that support the claim
• Formulating counterclaims for a claim of value

  1. Identify the limitations of the author's point of view

  2. Find flaws in the author's reasoning

  3. Examine the standards the author uses as a basis for their claim
• Claim of policy


  A claim that argues for or against a course of action
• Formulating counterclaims for a claim of policy

  1. Assess the course of action proposed by the author in terms of its feasibility and effectiveness

  2. Cite some critical studies related to the author's proposition
• Assertion


  A statement or declaration made regarding an idea, a topic, or an issue that expresses a person's opinion, feelings, or belief
• Types of assertions


  • Basic assertion
  • Empathic assertion
  • Positive assertion
  • Confrontive assertion
  • Escalating assertion
  • I-language assertion
• Basic assertion


  • A simple and direct expression of one's opinion, feelings, or belief
• Empathic assertion


  • Shows sympathy to another person, acknowledges the other person's feelings or situation, and shows support for the person's rights
• Positive assertion


  • Expresses positive feelings or emotions, gives a reason or an explanation for a good feeling or opinion
• Confrontive assertion


  • States three closely related actions: an action that was supposed to be done, the actual action, and the action that the speaker wants to be done
• Escalating assertion


  • A firm but respectful statement made by a person expecting another person's response to his or her earlier assertion, when the other person has not given any response
• 1. i-language assertion

  • Expresses negative feelings, describes the person's feelings toward a particular negative behavior, and states what he or she desires to happen
• Intertextuality


  The relationship formed between two texts
• Julia Kristeva


  A French author who coined the term intertextuality
• Julia Kristeva: '"Any text is constructed as a mosaic of quotations: any text is the absorption and transformation of another."'
• Intertextuality


  • Important to the creation of text
  • Important to the interpretation of text
• Understanding the meaning of a text


  Making sense of its connection or relationship with other texts
• Forms of Intertextuality


  • Writer references a brief or prolonged portion of a literary text
  • Writer references a media or social text
• Writer references a literary text

  • He or she mentions the title of the book, uses one of its characters,

  or recreates one of its scenes.
• Writer references a media or social text

  • Mentions a film, TV show, song, or any event in society, history, politics, etc. and becomes part of the writing
• Hypertext


  An arrangement of information in a computer database, in which objects like text, pictures, and programs are linked to one another
• The term "hypertext" was coined by Ted Nelson, an American pioneer of information technology


  1965
• Hypertext


  • It is a nonlinear way of showing information in a text
  • It happens when a reader chooses their own way of going about what they read
• Hypertext (in literature)


  A text that references, alludes to, or derives from another text, which is called the hypotext
• Hypertext derives from hypotext

  1. Through a process called transformation

  2. The hypertext transforms, modifies, elaborates on, or extends the hypotext
• Critique


  An in-depth analysis of a particular work of art or a literary work
• Critique


  • Argumentative in nature
  • Presents arguments about whether or not a particular work is good
  • Aims to persuade readers to ponder more about the work from the writer's perspective
  • Usually written by an expert on the matter
  • Uses a critical approach or theory to evaluate a particular work
  • May tackle either specific components of a work or its overall aesthetics
  • Has a specific audience
  • Often read by readers who have a similar educational or professional background as the author
  • Subjective
  • Written from the writer's perspective
  • Critical of the work being examined and questions the validity and accuracy of the information presented and looking at it from a particular perspective
• Features of a Critique

  • A critique is comprehensive. It contains a thorough discussion or analysis of the material. For every claim presented by the author, he or she clearly explains it and supports it with evidence.
  • A critique uses a specific approach or theory. A writer makes his or her observations and claims about the text based on the theory then cites portions of it as support.
  • A critique can have an objective tone. Although the writer can be influenced by culture, social environment, and experiences, he or she can use an impartial tone to express his or her claims. Using the third-person point of view, for instance, allows the writer to put the focus on the critique rather than on himself or herself.
  • A critique uses formal language. The writer observes proper grammar, punctuation, and capitalization, among others. He or she makes sure that words or terms are correctly used, and he or she avoids using incomplete sentences or fragments.
  • A critique uses credible references. Each argument in a critique should be well supported. The evidence or supporting details should come from reliable sources.
• Critique


  Distinguishes from a review in terms of purpose, audience, and features
• Tips for writing a critique

  1. Read, watch, or listen to the material more than once

  2. Develop an outline

  3. Develop compelling claims

  4. Present balanced information

  5. Observe a logical structure
• Logical structure of a critique

  • Introduction
  • Body (Summary, Review/Critique)
  • Conclusion
• Introduction


  Indicate the objectives and significance, include relevant information (creator, major elements, publication/release date, version/edition, publisher/producer)
• Body


  • Summary
  • Review/Critique (analyze the material using an approach or theory, present arguments/counterarguments, use an organizational pattern)
• Conclusion


  State the intended scholarly or literary value, restate points/claims, present recommendations, list benefits for potential audience
• Citing sources is an important practice to avoid plagiarism
• Review


  A writer's evaluation of a specific work of art in a general context, examines how a part contributes to the totality of a material, argumentative in nature, made for a general audience