PR 1 (LESSON 11-13)

• Summarizing is when a text is significantly reduced from its original length but keeps the key ideas intact and still expressing what the author meant to explain
• Summary and its Purpose

  • acts as a guide in putting the key ideas together • explains arguments using fewer words • gives supporting ideas • brings about deeper understanding
• The summary features the main arguments of a text by using words that are less than the original text.
• Good Summary

  • Uses your own words to explain ideas from the text

  • Only Includes ideas relevant to the topic

  • Has shorter and more concise words

  • Emphasizes main arguments of the text

  • Only ideas that are mentioned in original text
• Poor Summary

  • Uses the exact words from the original textUses

  • Includes ideas irrelevant to the topic

  • Has equal or longer length to the original

  • Misses out on the key ideas of the text

  • Writes down ideas not mentioned in the original text
• How to Write a Good Summary

  1. Read the original work carefully before writing the summary. 2. List down the key ideas of the text using your own words. 3. Eliminate all information that is unnecessary and irrelevant.

  4. Compare the summary and the original work. 5. Start the summary using signal phrases to introduce the material.
• You must write the summary based on how you understand the text and include the main argument of the author.
• Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and Quoting

  These are similar yet distinct skills that are commonly used in academic writing, most especially in research.
• Summarizing involves writing the core of the text. The main purpose of summarizing is to narrow down a text to highlight its main arguments.
• Paraphrasing is a way of using different words to present the same ideas from the original text. It is used with short portions of text, such as sentences and phrases
• Quoting is used to write the exact words used in a short segment of the original source.
• Ethics is a philosophical branch that focuses on questioning the right and wrong ways of human behavior.
• Ethical standards explain the "right" actions that must be observed and the "wrong" actions that must be avoided.
• Plagiarism refers to the "act of copying or using works from another person and presenting it as your own."
• Direct Plagiarism

  This type of plagiarism happens when the researcher directly copied and pasted content without revision and proper attribution
• Inadequate paraphrasing

  This typically happens when the researcher tries to paraphrase the content by simply replacing selected words in the sentences with synonyms or other interchangeable words.
• Self-plagiarism

  This type of plagiarism often happens when the researcher lifts the contents of his/her previous work and places them in the current work.
• Incomplete citations

  • Incomplete citation details • Giving false information • Fabricating citation details
• Avoiding Plagiarism

  To do proper citation is to include in-text citations within the body of the research paper and providing a complete list of references.
• Avoid Recycled Materials

  To recycle previous work is to incorporate it into the current project without proper attribution and a disclaimer that the ideas already exist in a previous work.
• Summarize and Paraphrase Contents

  Reword: Can you replace any words with synonyms?

  Rearrange: Can you move some words or phrases around?

  Realize: Some information (names, dates, titles, etc.) can't be changed

  Recheck: Did you include the important information? Does it make sense
• Plagiarism affects the credibility of the research project and the researchers themselves. These unethical practices through the different forms of plagiarism may also have serious and legal implications.
• Types of Qualitative Research Design
• Qualitative Research Design Refers to the general strategy in answering the research problems of your qualitative study
• Types of Qualitative Research Design

  1. Case Study
  2. Phenomenology
  3. Ethnography
  4. Grounded Theory
  5. Historical
  6. Narrative
• Different research designs exist for both qualitative and quantitative researches.
• Case Study

  • A qualitative research design used to analyze a case.

  • A case can be the study of an individual, a

  group, an event, or an organization.
• Example of a Case Study

  Topic: A Case Study on the Life of a Bulimic: Career, Family, and Life Struggles

  Case: A person with bulimia
• The findings from a case study cannot be generalized for the entire population.
• Phenomenology

  • Refers to the study of a phenomenon. • Describes and analyzes series of events that leads to a phenomenon.
• Example of a Phenomenology

  Topic: Working in Isolation: Analyzing the experiences of work at home employees

  Phenomenon: Working in isolation
• Ethnography

  • Study of the lifestyle and culture of a group of people • People living in rural or urban communities
• Example of Ethnographic Study

  Topic: The Secret Spices of the Bicolanos

  Group: Bicolanos
• Grounded Theory

  • Generates new theories from the research data. • The theory of your study is "grounded" on the research data.
• Example of Grounded Theory

  Topic: Efficient Fishing Methods of the Visayan People in Cebu

  Theory created: Different efficient methods in fishing used by Cebuanos
• Research data is the most important element in using grounded theory as a research design.
• Historical

  • The study of past events • Used to understand the present events or anticipate future events
• Example of a Historical Study

  Topic: Filipino Roots: The Rich Prehistoric Times of the Philippines

  Historical event: Prehistory of Philippines and its people
• Historical research are most commonly used by archaeologists, anthropologists, and historians.
• Narrative

  • Study of a person's life experiences expressed in a narrative • The subject is an individual whose life experiences may be related to others.