ao1

• what did Van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg do

  they located 32 studies of attachment where the strange situation had been used to investigate the proportions of infants with different attachment types

  these were conducted in 8 countries, 15 in the USA

  32 studies meant there were results for 1,990 children

  the data was meta-analysed
• what did Van Izendoorn and Kroonenberg find

  variations between results of studies within the same country were actually 150% greater than those between countries

  in the USA for example, one study found only 46% were securely attached compared to one sample as high as 90%
• what did simonella et al do

  conducted a study in Italy to see whether the proportions of babies of different attachment types still matches those found in previous studiesconducted a study in Italy to see whether the proportions of babies of different attachment types still matches those found in previous studies

  the researchers assessed 76 12 month olds using the strange situation

  findings:

  50% were secure, 36% avoidant.

  this is a lower rate of secure attachment than has been found in many studies

  the researchers suggest that this is because increasing numbers of mothers of very young children work long hours and use professional childcare.

  findings suggest that cultural changes can make a dramatic difference to patterns of secure and insecure attachment
• what did simonella et al do

  conducted a study in Italy to see whether the proportions of babies of different attachment types still matches those found in previous studiesconducted a study in Italy to see whether the proportions of babies of different attachment types still matches those found in previous studies

  the researchers assessed 76 12 month olds using the strange situation

  findings:

  50% were secure, 36% avoidant.

  this is a lower rate of secure attachment than has been found in many studies

  the researchers suggest that this is because increasing numbers of mothers of very young children work long hours and use professional childcare.

  findings suggest that cultural changes can make a dramatic difference to patterns of secure and insecure attachment
• what did jin et al do

  conducted a study to compare the proportions of attachment types in Korea to other studies. strange situation was used to assess 87 children

  overall proportions of insecure and secure babies were similar to those in most countries with most infants being secure

  list if those classified as insecurely attached were resistant and only one child was avoidant.

  this distribution is similar to the ones found in Japan by izendoorn and kroonenberg. since Japan and Korea have quite similar child-rearing styles this similarity might be explained in terms of child-rearing style
• cultural variations

  secure attachment seems to be the norm in a wide range of cultures supporting bowlbys idea that attachment is innate and universal and this type is the universal norm

  however, research also clearly shows that cultural practices have an influence on attachment