Q4MBIO | LESSON 3

• The function of the cardiovascular system is to circulate blood through the body’s tissues so it can deliver certain substances to cells and remove other substances from them.

  Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and its Diseases
• Sepsis is an inflammatory response caused by the spread of bacteria or their toxin from a focus of infection. Septicemia is sepsis that involves proliferation of pathogens in the blood. 


  Sepsis and Septic Shock
• CAUSE

  • Bacterial infections cause most cases of sepsis. Sepsis can also be a result of other infections, including viral infections, such as COVID-19 or influenza, or fungal infections. Streptococcus pyogenes is the most frequent cause of puerperal sepsis.

  
  

  Sepsis and Septic Shock
• an autoimmune complication of streptococcal infections, manifests as arthritis or heart inflammation, potentially leading to permanent heart damage.

  Rheumatic Fever
• Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, with endospores surviving in soil for up to 60 years. Grazing animals acquire infection by ingesting endospores, while humans contract it from handling hides of infected animals. Endospores enter through cuts, respiratory tract, or mouth, causing pustules or septic shock.


  Anthrax
• Gangrene is soft tissue death due to ischemia, often caused by interrupted blood supply. Anaerobic bacteria like Clostridium perfringens thrive in gangrenous tissue, leading to gas gangrene. Improperly performed abortions can allow C. perfringens to invade the uterine wall, causing lifethreatening bloodstream invasion. Treatment involves surgical removal of necrotic tissue, hyperbaric chambers, or amputation.
• BACTERIAL DISEASES

  1. Sepsis and Septic Shock
  2. Rheumatic Fever
  3. Anthrax
  4. Gangrene
• VIRAL DISEASES

  1. Burkitt’s Lymphoma
  2.  Emerging Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
• Epstein-Barr virus (EB virus, HHV-4) causes Burkitt’s lymphoma. It tends to occur in patients whose immune system has been weakened; for example, by malaria or AIDS. Research revealed that mosquitoes do not transmit the virus or the disease; instead, mosquito-borne malarial infections contribute to the development of Burkitt's lymphoma by impairing the immune response to EB virus.


  Burkitt’s Lymphoma
• Human diseases caused by Marburg, Ebola, and Lassa fever viruses were first noticed in the late 1960s. Ebola virus is found in fruit bats; Lassa fever viruses are found in rodents. Rodents are the reservoirs for Argentine and Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with Renal syndrome are caused by Hantavirus. The virus is contracted by inhalation of dried rodent urine and feces.


   Emerging Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
• PROTOZOAN DISEASES

  1. Chagas’ Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
  2. Toxoplasmosis
  3. Malaria
• Chagas' disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is transmitted by the kissing bug, with wild animals serving as reservoirs. The disease progresses through severe stages, leading to potentially fatal complications such as megaesophagus, megacolon, and heart damage. It may be transmitted from infected blood transfusions, sharing needles and consumption of food or beverages contaminated by the insect or its urine or feces containing T. Cruzi.
• caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or contact with cat feces. Infection can lead to severe brain damage or vision problems, especially in congenital cases. T. gondii undergoes sexual reproduction in cats, shedding millions of oocysts in feces, which can contaminate the environment and be ingested by other animals, including humans.


  Toxoplasmosis
• transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, manifests with symptoms including chills, fever, vomiting, and headache, occurring at intervals of 2 to 3 days. It is caused by four species of Plasmodium. The four major forms of malaria include Plasmodium vivax, the most prevalent type, which thrives in lower temperatures; Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae, which cause benign malaria and are geographically restricted; and Plasmodium falciparum, the most dangerous form, known as malignant malaria, with a high mortality rate, especially among children


  Malaria