Sociology

• Self


  Two parts: self-awareness and self-image
• Self-image


  Developed in recognizing how others are perceiving us, constantly trying to put ourselves in the shoes of another and think about how they are seeing this event or situation or this action transpiring
• Imitation


  The process of developing self-image by putting ourselves in the shoes of another
• Generalized others


  When you have internalized the widespread cultural norms, mores, and expectations of behaviors
• "I"


  What is out there, acting, being spontaneous, doing things in the world
• "Me"


  An object, the aggregate combined image of yourself that has been given to you from interacting with society
• George Herbert Mead


  • Sociologist from University of Chicago
  • Symbolic Interactions Perspective
• Henri de Saint-Simon


  • Historic founder of French Socialism
  • Origin of many ideas elaborated into Comtism
• Comtism


  The positivistic philosophy of Auguste Comte (1798–1857), according to which metaphysics and theology should be replaced by a hierarchy of sciences from mathematics at the base to sociology at the top
• Herbert Spencer


  • Synthetic Philosophy - Encompasses realms of physical, psychological, biological, sociological, and ethical
  • Moral Philosophy
  • Social Statistics
  • Principles of Ethics
• Law of individuation


  In the union of many men into one community
• David Emile Durkheim


  • French sociologist, cited as the principal architect of modern social sciences
  • Established academic discipline with Marx and Weber
  • Acceptance of sociology as a legitimate science
  • Sociology of Knowledge
  • Collective Representations
• Collective Representations


  The symbols and images that come to represent the ideas, beliefs, and values elaborated by a collectivity and are not reducible to individual constituents
• Albert Bandura


  • Social Learning Theory
  • Self-Efficacy
  • Four Main Sources of Self-Efficacy
• Self-Efficacy


  People's belief about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives
• Mastery Experience


  A resilient sense of efficacy requires experience in overcoming obstacles through perseverant effort
• Vicarious Experience


  Provided by social models, people seek proficient models who possess the competencies to which they aspire
• Social Persuasion


  People who are persuaded verbally that they possess the capabilities to master given activities are likely to mobilize greater effort and sustain it than if they harbor self-doubts and dwell on personal deficiencies when problem arises
• Psychological Responses


  People rely partly on their somatic and emotional states in judging their capabilities
• Karl Marx


  • Theory of Self-Estrangement or Self-Alienation
• Self-Estrangement or Self-Alienation


  When a person feels alienated from others and society as a whole, a person may feel alienated by his work by not feeling like he has meaning to his work, therefore losing their sense of self at the workplace
• Max Weber


  • German sociologist and political economist
  • Capitalism developed out of a Protestant ethic, a religious calling
  • "iron cage" - as the religion became peripheral, capitalism decoupled from its roots and established itself as the dominant force in society
• Lewis Morgan


  • An American ethnologist, anthropologist and writer
  • A founder of American anthropology, best known for his work on cultural evolution and the kinship system
  • Theory of Social Evolution - human cultures evolved from less-complex "species" to those that were more so