Biology

• Cell cycle


  The lifespan of a eukaryotic somatic cell
• Somatic cell


  Any cell in the body of an organism except for sex cells such as sperm and egg cells
• Cell cycle


  1. Cell growth

  2. Cell division
• Interphase


  The state a cell spends most of its life in
• Phases of interphase


  • G1
  • S
  • G2
• G1 phase


  Cell is busy growing and carrying out its function
• Some cells such as muscle and nerve cells exit the cell cycle after G1 because they do not divide again
• S phase


  Cell makes a copy of its DNA
• G2 phase


  Cell undergoes further preparations for cell division
• M phase


  1. Mitosis (nuclear division)

  2. Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)
• At the end of M phase, you have two daughter cells identical to each other and identical to the original cell
• Most cell growth and function happen during G1
• The cell enters the S phase when it needs to divide
• In G2, the cell undergoes further preparations for cell division
• The M phase consists of mitosis and cytokinesis
• Ribosome - The site of protein synthesis
• Nucleolus - A small structure found inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made
• The nucleus is the control centre of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) that controls all activities within the cell.
• Vacuole - Stores water and waste products
• Mitochondria - Site of aerobic respiration
• Nucleus - Contains genetic material (DNA)
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - A network of membranes that is involved in the production and transport of proteins within cells.
• Golgi Apparatus - An organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, packaging, and distributing proteins and lipids throughout the cell.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are involved in photosynthesis.
• Lysosomes - Small sac-like structures containing digestive enzymes used by cells to break down waste materials or damaged organelles.
• Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy through respiration.
• Vacuoles store water, waste products, and pigments.
• Mitochondria - Site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP by breaking down food molecules with oxygen
• Chloroplasts - Site of photosynthesis
• Chloroplast - Contains chlorophyll which absorbs light energy to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water through photosynthesis
• Cilia - Hair-like structures used to move substances around the body
• Cell membrane - Controls what enters or leaves the cell, composed of phospholipids and proteins
• Cell membrane - Controls what enters or leaves the cell
• Cytoskeleton - Provides support to the cell
• Cell membrane - Controls what enters/exits the cell
• Golgi Apparatus - Modifies and packages proteins produced by the ER for export from the cell or use within the cell.
• Cytoskeleton - A system of protein filaments that provides structural support and helps maintain cell shape.
• Lysosome - Digests unwanted materials such as old organelles and bacteria.
• Lysosomes - Membrane-bound vesicles filled with digestive enzymes used to break down unwanted materials inside the cell.
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins using information from DNA.