DEVC 10 - Module 4

• [Chapter 5] When referring to communication, the word "share" is important because it connoted something that two or more people do together rather than something one person does or gives to someone else.
• [Chapter 5] Kincaid and Schramm define communication as "the process of sharing and the relationship of the participants in this process."
• [Chapter 5] Communication is the process by which individuals share meaning (Black and Bryant, 1992).
• [Chapter 5] Communication is the process by which an individual (the communicator) transmits stimuli (usually verbal symbols) to modify the behavior of other individuals (communicatee) (Black and Bryant, 1992).
• [Chapter 5] Communication occurs whenever information is passed from one place to another (Black and Bryant, 1992).
• [Chapter 5] Communication is not simply the verbal, explicit, and intentional transmission of message; it includes all those processes by which people influence one another (Black and Bryant, 1992).
• [Chapter 5] Communication occurs when person A communicates message B through channel C to person D with effect E (Black and Bryant, 1992).
• [Chapter 5] According to Kincaid and Schramm, not all communication has to be human communication.
• [Chapter 5] According to Kincaid and Schramm, not all participants in a communication process have to be present at the same time.
• [Chapter 5] According to Kincaid and Schramm, because of information and the ways with which man creates, maintains, stores, retrieves, processes, and interprets it, communication can take place over large distances of space and time.
• [Chapter 5] According to Kincaid and Schramm, not all communication takes place in words.
• [Chapter 5] According to Kincaid and Schramm, communication does not always require two or more participants.
• [Chapter 5] According to Kincaid and Schramm, thinking is a form of communication.
• [Chapter 5] The events and relationships among communication as a process are seen as being: on-going, cyclic, ever-changing, no beginning - no end, interdependent, and interrelated.
• [Chapter 5] Communication as a process has at least 4 attributes: dynamic, systemic, symbolic interaction, meaning is personally constructed.
• [Chapter 5] Dynamic - communication is ever changing, with no clear beginnings and endings.
• [Chapter 5] Systemic - communication is a system consisting of a group of elements, which interact to influence each other and the system as a whole.
• [Chapter 5] Symbolic Interaction - language is a form of symbols which people use in interacting with each other, in describing and classifying experiences.
• [Chapter 5] Symbolic Interaction - how we select symbols and how we organize them will affect how others will interpret our messages.
• [Chapter 5] Meaning is Personally Constructed - everyone interpret things in different ways based on their perceptions and backgrounds.
• [Chapter 5] Meaning is Personally Constructed - meanings are in people, not in words.
• [Chapter 5] The paradigm of communication as a process emphasizes its being a two-way, multi-dimensional activity.
• [Chapter 5] The elements of the communication process are: source, receiver, and message.
• [Chapter 5] Source refers to the person or a group of persons "with a purpose, a reason for engaging in communication."
• [Chapter 5] The source initiates the communication process.
• [Chapter 5] The source is also referred to as the encoder, sender, information source, or communicator.
• [Chapter 5] The receiver is the person or group of persons at the other end of the communication process. He/she is the target of communication.
• [Chapter 5] The purpose of the source is expressed in the form of a message. This may be an idea, purpose, or intention that has been translated into a code or a systematic set of symbols.
• [Chapter 5] A message has three factors: message code, message content, and message treatment.
• [Chapter 5] Message Code is "any group of symbols that can be structured in a way that is meaningful to some person."
• [Chapter 5] Message Code - language is a code because it contains elements (sounds, letters, and words) that are arranged in meaningful orders (syntax).
• [Chapter 5] Message Content is the material in the message selected by the source to express his/her purpose.
• [Chapter 5] Message Treatment is the "decision that the communication source makes in selecting and arranging both code and content."
• [Chapter 5] According to Berlo, channel has three major meanings: (1) modes of encoding and decoding messages; (2) message vehicles; (3) vehicle carriers.
• [Chapter 5] Speaking mechanisms are channels or modes of encoding and decoding messages.
• [Chapter 5] Sound waves are also channels called message-vehicles.
• [Chapter 5] The sound waves are supported by air. The air serves as another channel called a vehicle-carrier.
• [Chapter 5] The effect is the outcome of a communication or the response of the receiver to the message of the source.
• [Chapter 5] An effect can be overt (obvious or visible) or covert (non-observable).
• [Chapter 5] Overt responses include non-verbal cues such as nodding of the head or signing of a contract.