Psychopathology

• What does the failure to function adequately definition focus on?

  Inability to cope with daily life challenges
• What are the features of failure to function adequately according to Rosenhan and Seligman?

  Maladaptive behavior, personal anguish, observer discomfort
• What does statistical infrequency refer to in psychopathology?

  Rare mental conditions in the population
• What is one criterion for diagnosing intellectual disability disorder?

  Having an IQ of 70 or fewer
• What is the definition of deviation from ideal mental health?

  Defining features of ideal mental health
• What are the six features of ideal mental health according to Joda?

  • Environmental mastery
  • Autonomy
  • Resisting stress
  • Self-actualization
  • Positive attitude towards oneself
  • Accurate perception of reality
• Why is the definition of deviation from ideal mental health considered too strict?

  It's challenging to meet all criteria simultaneously
• What are the characteristics of phobias?

  • Behavioral avoidance of phobic objects
  • Panic responses to phobic stimuli
  • Emotional anxiety and persistent arousal
  • Cognitive irrational thoughts about phobic objects
• What is a common emotional response associated with phobias?

  Intense anxiety and fear
• What does the behavioral approach suggest about phobias?

  Phobias are learned through experience
• What is the two-process model in explaining phobias?

  Acquisition through classical conditioning and maintenance through operant conditioning
• What is systematic desensitization?

  A therapy that gradually exposes clients to phobic stimuli
• How does flooding differ from systematic desensitization?

  Flooding involves immediate full exposure to phobic stimuli
• What are the evaluations of flooding and systematic desensitization?

  • Systematic desensitization allows client control
  • Flooding can cause temporary panic
  • Systematic desensitization is slower but more pleasant
  • Flooding is not suitable for older individuals
• What is Beck's negative triad in depression?

  Negative thoughts about self, world, and future
• What does Ellis's ABC model represent?

  Activating event, belief, consequence
• How does cognitive therapy aim to treat depression?

  By restructuring negative schemas and thoughts
• What are the main drug therapies for OCD?

  • SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Tricyclics and SNRIs
• What is the primary function of SSRIs in treating OCD?

  To increase serotonin levels in the brain
• What are common side effects of drug therapy for OCD?

  Nausea, headache, and insomnia
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of drug therapy compared to CBT?

  Advantages:

  • Less time-consuming
  • Inexpensive for the NHS

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Potential side effects
  • Passive role for patients
• What is the concordance rate for monozygotic twins regarding OCD?

  68%
• What does the diathesis-stress model suggest about OCD?

  It combines genetic vulnerability with environmental stressors
• How do genetic and environmental factors interact in the development of OCD?

  Genetic predisposition requires environmental stressors to develop
• What is the role of the worry circuit in OCD?

  • Involves overactivity in specific brain structures
  • Includes the orbital frontal cortex and basal ganglia
  • Leads to obsessive thinking and compulsive behaviors