UCSP 1

• Goals of Anthropology (Culture)

  • Pursue a holistic understanding of what it means to be human
  • Understand the uniqueness and diversity of human behavior and human societies around the world
  • Discover the fundamental similarities that connect human beings throughout the world.
• Goals of Sociology (Society)

  • Better understanding of humankind. Sociology allows you to gain a greater understanding of the complex and simple nature of humans and their societies.
  • Understand and cope with changes in society.
• Goals of Politics (Political Identities)

  • Make people better citizens.
  • Keep social order and harmony among different group of people.
  • Protect the rights of an individual.
  • Avoid conflict and promote cooperation.
• Culture

  • The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization
  • Set of patterns of human activity within a community or social group
• Types of Culture

  Material - It refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.
• Types of Culture

  Non-material - It includes ideas, beliefs, social roles, rules, ethics, and attitudes of a society.
• CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

  Culture is... learned

  shared

  symbolic

  dynamic

  integrated
• Culture Variation

  • Refers to the differences in social behaviors that cultures exhibit around the world.
  • Clothing, Food, Features, Religion - a set of organized beliefs, practices, and systems that most often relate to the belief and worship of a controlling force, such as a personal god or another supernatural being.
• SOCIAL DIFFERENCE:

  Sex

  • Refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish a male from a female.
• SOCIAL DIFFERENCE:

  Gender Roles

  • Refers to attitudes and behaviors that the society expect a person based on his/her sex.
• SOCIAL DIFFERENCE:

  Socio-Economic Class

  • The high income, the middle income and the low-income class.
• SOCIAL DIFFERENCE:

  Ethnicity

  • Refers to the ethnic group who have common culture, language and history.
• SOCIAL DIFFERENCE:

  Race

  • Refers to the group of people who shared inherited physical characteristics such as skin color, facial features and body structure.
• SOCIAL DIFFERENCE:

  Gender

  • Attributes are shaped by the economy, by religion, by culture and traditional values to which an individual belongs.
• SOCIAL DIFFERENCE:

  Political Identities

  • Refers to political position based on the interests and perspective of social groups
• ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:

  Values

  • Individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. They serve as a guide for human behavior.
• ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:

  Norms

  • A standard of achievement or behaviour that is required, desired, or designated as normal.
• ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:

  Language

  • A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted.
• ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:

  Symbol

  • Symbols are the basis of culture. A symbol is an object, word, or action that stands for something else with no natural relationship that is culturally defined.
• ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:

  Religion

  • A set of organized beliefs, practices, and systems that most often relate to the belief and worship of a controlling force, such as a personal god or another supernatural being.
• Classification of Culture

  • Stability - Stable/Unstable Culture
• Classification of Culture

  • Pattern - Transmissive and Dynamic
• Functions of Culture

  • Provision of education
  • Provides communication
  • Helps individual fulfill his  potential as a social being
  • Acts as a social glue that helps to bind the people together
  • Serves as a trademark or special feature that distinguishes one society from one another.
• Society

  • A group of people living together in a definite territory, having a sense of belongingness, mutually interdependent of each other, and follow a certain way of life.
• Why do people live together as a society?

  1. Sense of Belonging
  2. Survival
  3. Specializations
• Components of Society

  Population

  • Deals with numbers. It refers to a total sum of the people in a certain geographical region, say town, city, state, country, continent, or even the whole world.
• Components of Society

  Organization

  • In sociology, a social organization is a pattern of relationships between and among individuals and social groups.
• Components of Society

  Product

  • Products are indispensable to culture. They refer to objects or physical belongings of a population, which include various tangible items.
• Components of Society

  Institution

  • A social institution is an interrelated system of social roles and social norms, organized around the satisfaction of an important social need or social function.
• Components of Society

  Territory

  • Territory is a geographical area subject to the sovereignty, control, or jurisdiction of a state or other entity.
• Components of Society

  Culture

  • Culture is a way of life that a whole society ascribes to, including rituals, art, attire, food, language, religion, art, and codes of behavior.
• Elements of Society:

  • Interdependence
  • Cooperation
  • Conflict
• Functions of Society:

  • Satisfaction of Basic Needs
  • Preservation of Order
  • Management of Education
  • Division of Labor
  • Communication Management
  • Management of Economy
  • Preservation and transmission of culture
  • Leisure
  • Spirituality
• Sociology

  Society is a community or group of an individuals joined together by sustained bonds and interactions. It includes the origin, existence and interrelationship of groups or institutions within the community.
• Anthropology

  Culture is a way of life. It includes symbols, languages, values, and norms. According to many anthropologists, culture is defined as a set of learned behaviors and beliefs that characterize a group of people.
• Sociological Perspective

  Human behavior is shaped by the groups to which people belong and by the social interaction that takes place within those groups. The sociological perspective emphasizes that our social backgrounds influence our attitudes, behaviors, and life chances. 
• Symbolic Interactionism

  HERBERT BLUMER - Emphasize how definitions and meanings that are created and maintained via symbolic contact with others influence human behavior. Human beings interpret or “define” each other's human actions. A theory that focuses on how individuals interact. It argues that people's actions are based on the meanings they assign to things, which can differ depending on the person and can change over time.
• Structural Functionalism

  EMILE DURKHEIM- A macro theory that looks at how all structures or institutions in society work together.
• Conflict Theory

  KARL HEINRICH MARX - Purports that due to society's never-ending competition for finite resources, it will always be in a state of conflict. Conflict allows groups and individuals to protect their interests. Conflict can also bring about needed social change and empower previously lower-powered groups.
• Types of Society

  • Hunting and gathering: Earliest form of human society. Smallest size (family bands). Most time is spent looking for food. Very nomadic (A nomad is someone who lives by traveling from place to place) Very low developed division of labor