Btech

• Waterproofing


  A relatively secure system used on surfaces which enclose habited space and where moisture penetration is not acceptable
• Dampproofing


  A less restrictive system used to reduce moisture migration through exterior surfaces such as retaining walls and planters
• Waterproofing and dampproofing are not interchangeable
• A building may have one, both or neither waterproofing and dampproofing
• Methods of waterproofing concrete

  • Impermeability through a dense concrete
  • Waterproofing coatings and washes
  • Integral waterproofing compounds
  • Membrane waterproofing
• Impermeability through a dense concrete


  Accurate grading and proportioning of the concrete materials to secure a dense, waterproof concrete
• Waterproofing coatings and washes


  Applying waterproof coatings or washes to the concrete after it is in place
• Integral waterproofing compounds


  Mixing foreign substances with the concrete
• Membrane waterproofing


  Surrounding the concrete with layers of waterproofing materials
• Permeable concrete results from defective workmanship, use of improperly sized and graded aggregates, excessive water, and lack of provision for expansion and contraction
• Waterproofing coatings and washes

  Cover the masonry with a waterproof substance to stop water from getting inside
• Incorrectly applied waterproof coatings can allow water to get into walls and trap it inside
• Types of waterproofing coatings and washes

  • Alum, lye and cement washes
  • Cement grout, with or without water-repellants
  • Paraffin and other mineral bases
  • Asphalt emulsions
  • Cutback asphalts
• Integral waterproofing compounds


  Manufactured and sold under various trade names, available in powder or liquid form
• Integral waterproofing compounds cannot compensate for lean mixtures, poor materials, or poor workmanship in concrete fabrication
• Membrane waterproofing


  Layers of waterproofing materials ranging from tar paper to asbestos or asphalted felt
• Types of roofing


  • Sheet metal
  • Plastic
  • Tile
  • Shingle
• Sheet metal roofing


  • Galvanized iron with various corrugations and rib sections
  • Aluminum with various corrugations and rib sections
• Plastic roofing


  Corrugated sheets and tiles, including PVC and polycarbonate
• Tile roofing


  • Advantages: durability, fireproof, high-wind resistant

  Disadvantages: weight, paint fades, maintenance, water absorption, cost
• Types of clay tile roofing

  • 2-Piece Mission
  • 2-Piece Monarch
  • 1-Piece "S" Tile & ClayLite
  • Romano Pans
  • ClayMax
• Shingle roofing


  • Best for high-wind resistance, durable, clean aesthetic, not as heavy as tile
• Types of shingles


  • Wood
  • Asphalt
  • Clay
• Bituminous cement


  A black, hydrocarbon-based substance used for sealing built-up roofing, and joints and cracks of concrete pavements
• Silicone sealant


  A type of joint sealant
• Raw materials for glass

  • Sand
  • Soda-ash
  • Limestone
  • Dolomite
  • Feldspar
  • Sodium sulphate
• Glass


  Solidified liquid

  
• Glass


  • Its transparency opens up our structures to the outside world
  • Allows light and heat to come in
  • Available in several opacities and various textures and finishes
• Basic types of glass

  • Float glass
  • Sheet Glass
  • Patterned Glass
  • Wired Glass

  
• Float glass

  • Most widely used
  • Monolithic and highly transparent
  • Uniform thickness, flatness, and excellent optical quality
  • Two varieties: clear and tinted
  • Can be toughened to create safety glass
  • Thickness: 2-19mm
  • Can be colored during manufacturing

  
• Sheet glass


  • Three kinds: Annealed, Processed, Miscellaneous
  • Actual color - green
  • Thickness: 2-6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 15mm, 19mm
  • Best used in windows, shelves, large doors, tabletops

  
• Patterned glass

  • Also known as "figured" or "rolled glass"
  • Has pattern or texture on one or both sides
  • Patterned decorative design provides translucency and some degree of obscurity
  • Uses: decorative glazing of windows, bathroom partitions, doors
  • Disadvantage: difficult to clean as dust settles between the crevices
  • Thickness: 4mm, 6mm

  
• Wired glass


  • Fine hexagonal wire mesh inserted during rolling
  • May be patterned, smooth rolled, or ground and polished
  • Used in fire rated windows and doors, skylights and applications requiring safety glazing material
  • When broken, loose pieces are held by the wire netting
  • Thickness: 5-7mm
• Modified varieties of glass

  • Reflective Glass
  • Insulating Glass
  • Safety Glass
  • Laminated
  • Toughened
  • Glass bricks
  • Tinted glass
  • Stained Glass

  
• Reflective glass

  • Coating of metal compound applied to one surface
  • Reflects light and solar heat
  • May be applied to any type of glass
  • Uses: curtain wall glazing, structural glazing, doors & windows, partitions
  • Disadvantages: causes light pollution and hazardous to traffic
• Insulating glass

  • Factory assembled
  • Two or more panes separated by air spaces
  • Moisture proof
  • Periphery of the air spaces is hermetically sealed
  • Two types of sealed units: Organic seal type, Glass edge type
• Types of safety glass

  • Laminated
  • Toughened

  
• Laminated safety glass

  • Made in the form of sandwich consisting of an interlayer of transparent plastic material such as celluloid between two sheets of plate or sheet glass
  • Celluloid placed between sheets - coated with gelatin and specially prepared enamel
  • Adhesion achieved by heat and pressure
  • When broken, glass adheres to interlayer
• Toughened safety glass

  • Glass suspended in electric furnace until soft and suddenly cooled by blowing air on both sides
  • Fragments have no cutting edge
  • Withstands a dead load more than 4x than of ordinary glass
  • Can accommodate high tensile forces due to the pre-stress
  • Fracture occurs once pre-stress has been exceeded
• Glass bricks

  • Hollow glass units
  • Joined by silicon sealants
  • Outer surfaces may be smooth or textured
  • Can be colored and have decorated surfaces
  • May be used in meeting fire resistance requirements