Chapter 3/ 2.4 Notes Boo

• Reproduction


  1. Budding

  2. Fragmentation

  3. Spores (Sexual - meiosis, Asexual - mitosis)
• Types of Fungi

  • Imperfect Fungi
  • Zygomycete Fungi
  • Chytrids
  • Sac Fungi
  • Club Fungi
• Imperfect Fungi


  • Reproduce asexually, no sexual structures
• Zygomycete Fungi


  • Form zygospores
• Chytrids

  • Unicellular, aquatic
• Sac Fungi


  • Have sacs called asci, some are parasites
• Lichens


  • Fungi + algae
• Lichens produce substances that help the surface to grow
• Characteristics to classify animals

  • Backbone (vertebrate or invertebrate)
  • Body organization
  • Movement (active or sessile)
  • Number of body layers (1, 2 or 3)
  • Symmetry
  • Segmentation
  • Body cavity (present or absent)
  • Reproduction (asexual or sexual, internal or external)
• 8 Phyla of animals

  • Porifera (sponge)
  • Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
  • Cnidaria (jellyfish)
  • Mollusca (clams)
  • Annelida (complex worms)
  • Echinodermata (starfish)
  • Arthropoda (scorpion)
  • Chordata (vertebrates)
• Porifera (sponge)

  • Asymmetrical body
  • No tissues
  • 2 layer cells
  • Sessile
• Platyhelminthes (flatworms)


  • No body cavity
  • 3 layer cells
  • Non-segmented
• Cnidaria (jellyfish)

  • 2 body forms (polyp and medusa)
  • Radial symmetry
  • 2 layer tissues
• Mollusca (clams)

  • Bilateral symmetry
  • 3 layer cells
  • Coelom/2 body openings
  • Full organ system
• Annelida (complex worms)

  • Body cavity
  • Segmented
  • Several tissues and organ systems
• Echinodermata (starfish)


  • Radial symmetry
  • Tube feet
• Arthropoda (scorpion)

  • Jointed legs
  • Segmented body
  • Exoskeleton
  • Tissues and organ systems
• Chordata (vertebrates)

  • Flexible rod-like notochord
  • Dorsal nerve cord
  • Bone or cartilage
• Protozoa (animal-like protists)

  • Unicellular heterotrophs
  • Pseudopods for movement
  • Cilia for movement
  • Parasitic
  • Mutualistic
• Diatoms


  • Unicellular
  • Unilamellar cell
  • Cell wall made of silica
  • Reproduce asexually
• Fungus-like protist


  Heterotrophic unicellular
• Slime mould


  Resembles fungi
• Dinoflagellates


  • Photosynthetic
  • Unicellular
• Dinoflagellates


  Red tide
• Euglenoids


  • Unicellular
  • Hetero-autotrophs
• Causes of Biodiversity Crisis

  • Habitat destruction
  • Invasive species
  • Illegal trade
  • Pollution
  • Climate change
• Climate change


  Affects food sources
• Lichens are winter-hardy and grow best in cold winters
• Climate change


  Alters timing of plant growth and flowering
• Climate change


  Affects sex ratio and adult emergence in aquatic ecosystems