Approaches

• Who is considered the father of experimental psychology?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What significant contribution did Wundt make in the 1870s?

  Set up the first psychological laboratory
• What was the first academic journal published by Wundt?

  The first academic journal for psychological experiments
• How did Wundt's work establish psychology as a science?

  By using controlled empirical scientific research techniques
• What experimental technique did Wundt use in his research?

  Introspection
• What were participants trained to do in Wundt's introspection method?

  Report sensations, feelings, and images
• What was a significant criticism of Wundt's introspective methods?

  They are considered subjective and unreliable
• How did behaviorists view the mind in relation to scientific study?

  As a black box not suitable for study
• What is classical conditioning?

  Learning by association
• What did Pavlov use as a neutral stimulus in his research?

  A metronome
• What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov's experiment?

  Food that triggers salivation
• What did Pavlov's findings demonstrate about learning?

  Dogs learned an association between stimuli
• What is operant conditioning?

  Learning by reinforcement
• What did Skinner demonstrate with his research on rats?

  Positive and negative reinforcement effects
• What is a criticism of Pavlov and Skinner's use of animal subjects?

  Findings may not generalize to humans
• What is vicarious reinforcement in social learning theory?

  Imitating behavior after seeing rewards
• Who conducted the Bobo doll study?

  Albert Bandura
• What was the main finding of the Bobo doll study?

  Children imitated aggressive behavior
• What is a limitation of the Bobo doll study regarding ecological validity?

  Lab setting may not reflect real-world behavior
• What do cognitive psychologists study?

  Internal mental processes
• What is a schema?

  A mental framework for understanding concepts
• How can schemas lead to negative outcomes?

  They can cause inaccurate memories and biases
• What is the computer model in cognitive psychology?

  An analogy between computers and the human brain
• What does cognitive neuroscience aim to study?

  Neurological structures linked to mental processes
• What is the role of neurotransmitters?

  Enable communication between neurons
• What is the significance of serotonin in behavior?

  Associated with well-being and happiness
• What is the tripartite structure of personality according to Freud?

  ID, ego, and superego
• What is the purpose of defense mechanisms?

  To manage conflicts in the unconscious mind
• What happens if a child cannot resolve a psychosexual stage?

  They become fixated, affecting adult personality
• What is self-actualization in humanistic psychology?

  Realizing full potential and performing best
• What is the significance of congruence in achieving self-actualization?

  Alignment between perceived self and ideal self
• What is a criticism of humanistic psychology?

  Lacks empirical evidence for its claims
• How has Maslow's hierarchy of needs been applied practically?

  Improved performance in sports and business
• What is the main focus of humanistic psychology?

  Personal growth and self-actualization
• What is the implication of biological determinism?

  Challenges legal principles of responsibility
• How does the psychodynamic approach differ from behaviorism?

  Focuses on unconscious processes, not observable behavior
• What is the role of the ego in Freud's theory?

  Mediates between the id and superego
• What is the primary method used in humanistic psychology?

  Qualitative methods
• What does the term 'reciprocal determinism' refer to in social learning theory?

  Behavior influences and is influenced by the environment
• What is a potential limitation of cognitive psychology's reliance on inferences?

  Assumptions about mental processes may be incorrect