Language techniques

Cards (66)

  • Nouns
    person, place, or thing
  • Verbs
    Show action or state of being
  • Adjectives and adverbs
    words that describe or modify., Adjectives describe things (nouns and pronouns) and adverbs describe action (verbs).
  • Pronouns and Antecedents
    is a word that stands for noun, a noun phase or another pronoun known as the pronouns antecedent.
    Example:
    -Number(single or Plural)
    -Person(first, second, third)
    -Gender(Feminine, Masculine, or Neuter)
  • Prepositions
    a word that shows a relationship between nouns or pronouns and some other words in a sentence
  • Determiners: Examples
    Examples with determiner phrases in italics: a little dog, the little dogs (indefinite or definite article) this little dog, those little dogs (demonstrative) my little dogs, their little dog (possessive adjective) Sheila's little dog, the Queen of England's little dog (noun phrase + 's) every little dog, each little dog, some little dog, either dog (quantifying)
    'the','an'','a
  • Conjunctions (FANBOYS)

    FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, and SO
    There are seven coordinating conjunctions that connect words, phrases, and clauses.
  • Lexis & Semantics
    related words e.g books, pens, teachers,pupils belong to the semantic field of school
  • Phonology
    the sound system of the language, including the sounds that are used and how they may be combined
  • Pragmatics of language
    "practical" rules of using language

    the meaning of words and grammar used semantically, except within context (inferred meanings); taking turns speaking

    -->idioms "he could eat a horse"=hungry
  • Grammar
    in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
  • Discourse Community
    a group of people who share common goals, a public forum, common knowledge, and a specialised language
  • Graphology
    the study of handwriting and how it relates to a person's character
  • Context
    the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood and assessed.
  • Audience
    One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.
  • Genre
    a major category or type of literature e.g text A is a newspaper article
  • Mode
    How the text is received, it's features and if it's spoken or received
  • Register
    style of the text
  • Purpose
    One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.
  • Representation
    portrayal of events, people and circumstances through language and other meaning making resources e.g images and sound
  • Audience position
    concept of writer/speaker imagining audience, look at assumptions made about the audience and the tenor of the text
  • Subject position
    The perspective from which events or issues are perceived and recounted.
  • Tenor
    The relationship between the writer and the audience in a text
    can be close, distant, intimate, e.g
  • Close Tenor Pronouns
    'you','us','we
  • Production (the writer)
    - subject positioning, what perspective is the writer writing from?
    - individual ideas/knowledge/experience
    - gender/social background
    - social/historical events
    - mode, how will the text be received?
    - degree of planning
  • Reception (the audience)
    - audience positioning, how the writer imagines the audience vs the actual reader and audience
    -individual idea/knowledge/experience of audience
    -social/historical events
    - does the text rely on any 'shared cultural understanding'?
    - mode, how is it received and how does this affect it's meaning?
  • Written Language

    - received via the eyes
    - is permanent, can be checked again and again
    - is impersonal, writer doesn't know who will read it
    - is delayed, takes time to write before it's received
    - is planned and structured
    - usually uses Standard English and Grammar
    - more able to use low frequency lexis
    - is asynchronous
  • Spoken Language
    - received via the ears
    - is temporary, we retain it in memory
    - is personal, speaker is addressing an individual/group
    - is immediate, it's heard simultaneously to being said
    - is spontaneous, not usually planned
    - isn't always full/ correct grammatical structures but it's in utterances
    - includes more high frequency lexis
    - is synchronous
  • Synchronous/Asynchronous
    Synchronous - everyone has to be there at the same time
    Asynchronous - you don't have to be there at the same time
  • High Frequency/Low Frequency Lexis
    High Frequency Lexis - common words
    Low Frequency Lexis - uncommon words
  • Blended Mode
    - Things to consider are:
    - The primary channel of reception and it's effect (is it visual or aural text?)
    - How interactive the text is (monologic/dialogic)
    - What is the relationship between writer/speaker and the audience and how does it manifest in the text?
    - The degree of spontaneity or pre-planning and how that impacts the text
    - In electronic texts, does the lexis show features of "text lang" e.g. acronyms
    - How formal (or otherwise) is the text in terms of lexis, structure, etc
  • Common Nouns, Proper Nouns, Collective Nouns, Concrete Nouns, Abstract Nouns
    - C.N. names any one of group of persons, places, things, or ideas
    - P.N. particular person, place, thing, or idea
    - C.N. names of a group of people/things (not plurals)
    - C.N. always physical things which can be touched and measured
    - A.N. refer to ideas, processes, occasions, times which refer to what cannot be touched or seen
  • Dynamic/Stative verbs
    Dynamic - implies movement, an action word e.g. running
    Stative - state of being or thought process e.g. be, have, believe, need
  • Modal Auxiliary Verbs

    verbs, such as can/could, may/might, shall/should, and will/would used in the creation of future tense verbs and especially in conditional mood verb tenses
  • Primary Auxiliary Verbs
    be, have, do
  • Semantics
    The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.
  • Semantic Field
    Group of words which are related in meaning
  • Euphemism
    an inoffensive expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive
  • Dysphemism
    an offensive or disparaging expression that is substituted for an inoffensive one
  • Colloquialism
    informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing