Practical exam Ammara

• Microbiology 


  Study of microscopic organism
• Medical microbiologists

  • Diagnose
  • treat
  • undertake research
  • understand how photogenic work
• LUCA

  last universal common ancestor
• three domain of life

  • bacteria
  • archea
  • eukarya
• prokaryotes are

  • bacteria
  • archaea
• eukaryotes are

  • algae and plants
  • fungi and animals
  • protists
• who discovered “Molecular clock“

  Carl Woese
• Archaea are more closely related to ….. than

  Eukarya bacteria
• eukaryotes contain

  • true nucleus
  • >10nm
  • diploid
  • sexual reproduction
• prokaryotes contain 4

  • no true nucleus
  • 1-5nm
  • haploid
  • asexual reproduction
• endosymbiosis theory was discovered by 


  Lynn Margulis
• systematics is

  study of diversity of organism and their relationship
• phylogeny is 


  the evolutionary history of an organism
• taxonomy is


  How organism are characterised and classified
• species are

  a group of living organism consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes and interbreed
• bacteria reproduces by 


  binary fission
• bacteria transfer their genetic material via

  horizontal gene transfer
• phenotypic traits are

  • gram stain properties
  • cell shape
  • biochemical
• to establish a new species

  • isolate
  • determine phenotypic genetic and phylogenetic unit
  • choose name
  • deposit culture American type culture collection
  • tell everyone
• who discovered 30x magnification 


  Robert hooks
• who discovered spontaneous generation 


  Louis Pasteur
• who discovered gram stain 


  Robert Koch
• Types of bacteria

  • bacillus
  • coccus
  • spirillum
  • spirochaete
  • vibrio
• bacillus

  • rod
• coccus

  • spherical
• spirillum

  • spiral
• spirochaete

  • corkscrew
• vibrio

  • comma
• Why we need to know bacterium structure and content

  Understanding biology

  diagnosis

  discovery of drugs
• structure of common to all bacteria

  • complex outer envelope -environment stresses
  • impact genome -maximise production
  • tightly cell function -high reproduction rate
• bacterial macromolecules are

  • protein
  • peptide glycol cell wall
• what are pili ?

  • attach to cell surface to form biofilm and microcolonies
• conjugation pili

  used to transfer genetic material
• prokaryotic flagella are 


  long appendages extent from celll surface

  helical hook basal body
• bacteria exhibit moving up the concentration gradient of chemical attractant


  chemotaxis
• the outer layer external cell wall of prokaryotic cell is

  glycocalyx , adhering a layer of polysaccrides

  protection and attachment
• to strengthening the membrane prokaryotes use terpenes

  hopanoids
• prokaryotes cell wall

  • unimolecular cage like
  • made of peptidoglycan
  • called sacculus
• peptidoglycan structure of cell wall are

  • parallel polymers of disaccharides glycans
  • cross linked with peptides
• gram positive bacteria

  • thick cell wall
  • multiple layer of peptidoglycan
  • techie acid
  • made up phylum firmicutes