Lesson 1 and 2 TCW

• Globalization

  The emergence of countries and nations across the world, enabling the exchange of goods, products, traditions, languages, cultural beliefs, norms or values between countries
• Globalization (according to Minnesota)


  The spread of products, investments and technology across national borders and countries
• Aspects of Globalization


  • Industrial Globalization
  • Financial Globalization
  • Political Globalization
  • Globalism
  • Informational Globalization
  • Cultural Globalization

  
• Industrial Globalization


  A process linked by interconnected cross-border production, enabling firms to enter new markets, capitalize on technological and organizational advantages, and reduce costs
• Financial Globalization


  Refers to international lending institutions for capital outlay to developing countries, like the IMF and World Bank
• Political Globalization


  Refers to the growth of the worldwide political system both in size and complexity, like civil society, international non-governmental organizations, social movements or the United Nations
• Globalism


  The operation or planning of economic and foreign policy on a global basis, used by Joseph Nye to describe attempts to understand the interconnectedness of the world in terms of transportation and communication
• Informational Globalization


  A process of interaction and integration among people, companies and governments of different nations, driven by international trade and aided by information technology
• Cultural Globalization


  The transmission of ideas, meanings and values around the world in a way as to expand and intensify social relations
• Phases of Globalization


  • 15th-21st Century
  • 1st Phase (15th-18th Century)
  • 2nd Phase (18th-19th Century)
  • 3rd Phase (Post-WWII)
• Globalization started as early as the 15th century
• The first phase of globalization favoured more the exchange of knowledge rather than the exchange of goods
• In the 15th to 18th century, some significant events happened in Europe, including Spanish and Portuguese discoveries of America, introduction of the Gregorian calendar, and the heliocentric view of the solar system
• The 18th and 19th century are generally linked with the events of democracy, industrialization and scientific progress
• In 1776, the American Declaration was made
• In the 19th century, industrialization took place, giving the world an opportunity for prominent technological progress that allowed countries to experience a faster exchange between goods, products and information
• During the 2nd half of the 19th century, four advancing technologies – trains, steamships, telegraphs and postal systems planted the entirety of the Western world
• In the 20th century, an opulent and affluent inhabitant of London had access to products of foreign origins before the events of August 1914 disturbed the world of global connectivity
• In the end of the Second World War in 1945, the third phase of globalization took place, with the Golden Age of Capitalism from the late 1940s to the early 1970s
• New international financial agreements and institutions, such as the IMF and World Bank, provided a new kind of global financial stability during the Golden Age of Capitalism
• The Golden Age of Capitalism ended abruptly in the 1970s
• Globalization (according to Thomas L. Friedman)


  • Globalization of countries (1643-1800)
  • Globalization of companies (1800-2000)
  • Globalization of the individuals (2000-present)
• William Clinton: 'No generation had the opportunity we now have to build a global economy that leaves no one behind. It is a wonderful opportunity but also a profound responsibility.'
• Market Globalism


  Reflects the concepts of globalization with neoliberal values and meanings, supporting free-market capitalism and individual interests
• Ideology

  A system of widely shared ideas and ideals, patterned beliefs, guiding norms and values and ideals accepted as truths by parts of the society
• Ideology (according to Freeden)


  • Its claims select, privilege and construct social meanings related to the exercise of power in society
• Three Functions of Ideology (according to Paul Ricoeur)


  • Reality Distortion
  • Legitimation
  • Social Integration
• Reality Distortion


  The production of contorted images of social reality, concealing the contrasts between things
• Legitimation


  The process of claiming legitimacy made by the ruling authority and the belief in an authority's legitimacy granted by its subjects
• Social Integration


  Plays a mediating or integrative role, providing society stability by creating, preserving and protecting the social identity of persons and groups
• Five Core Claims of Globalism


  • Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets
  • Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
  • Nobody is in charge of globalization
  • Globalization benefits everyone
  • Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world

  
• Imperial Globalism


  The process of economic change based on the use of force through economic sanctions or military might, with a justification of actions said to be in domestic intervention
• Globalism (according to Joseph Nye)


  Any description or explanation of a world which is characterized by networks of connections that span multi-continental distances