biology topic 1

• Prokaryotes


  Simple cells without a nucleus, e.g., bacteria.
• Eukaryotes


  Complex cells with a nucleus, e.g., animal and plant cells.
• Nucleus


  Cell part containing genetic material that controls cell activities.
• Cytoplasm


  Gel-like substance where most chemical reactions occur in a cell.
• Cell Membrane


  Structure that holds the cell together and regulates what enters and exits.
• Mitochondria


  Organelles where aerobic respiration reactions occur to produce energy.
• Ribosomes


  Cell organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
• Cell Wall


  Rigid structure made of cellulose that supports and strengthens plant cells.
• Vacuole


  Cell organelle containing cell sap, a solution of sugar and salts.
• Chloroplasts


  Organelles where photosynthesis happens in plant cells.
• Plasmids


  Small rings of DNA found in bacterial cells.
• Microscopy


  Study of cells using microscopes to visualize structures.
• Light Microscope


  Instrument using light to magnify and visualize small objects.
• Objective Lens


  Lens used to magnify the specimen on a microscope slide.
• Standard Form


  A way to represent numbers as a coefficient multiplied by a power of 10.
• Magnification


  The increase in apparent size of an object under a microscope.
• Subcellular Structures


  Structures within a cell, such as the nucleus and cytoplasm.
• Real Size of a Cell

  The actual size of a cell, often measured in millimeters.
• Cell Differentiation


  The process by which a cell changes to become specialized for its function.
• Stem Cells


  Undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into various cell types.
• Sperm Cells


  Specialized for reproduction, carrying male DNA to female DNA.
• Nerve Cells


  Specialized for rapid signaling through electrical impulses.
• Muscle Cells


  Specialized for contraction, containing mitochondria for energy.
• Root Hair Cells


  Specialized for absorbing water and minerals from the soil.
• Phloem Cells


  Specialized for transporting food substances in plants.
• Chromosomes


  Structures containing genetic information, located in the cell nucleus.
• Genes


  Segments of DNA carrying instructions for traits
• Mitosis


  Stage of cell cycle where cell divides into two identical cells
• Cell Cycle


  Series of stages for cell growth, DNA replication, and division
• DNA Replication


  Process of duplicating DNA before cell division
• Daughter Cells


  New cells produced from cell division, identical to parent cell
• Inhibition Zones


  Areas around antibiotic discs showing bacterial growth inhibition
• Area of a Circle

  Calculated using the formula: Area = πr², where r is the radius
• Bacterial Colony


  Group of bacteria growing together, area can be calculated
• Percentage of Cells Undergoing Mitosis


  Calculated by dividing cells undergoing mitosis by total cells
• Mitosis Identification


  Observing cell division stages under a microscope
• Cell Nucleus


  Contains genetic material in the form of chromosomes
• Cell Fibres


  Structures that help in chromosome separation during mitosis
• Differentiation


  Process where a cell becomes specialized for its job
• Embryonic Stem Cells


  Cells with potential to turn into any cell type