Urogentical - Osmoregulation

• Ammonotelism - ammonia
• Ureotelism - urea
• Uricotelism - uric acid
• Amniotes

  • Keratinous skin to reduce water loss
  • Intermittent ventilation to reduce water loss
• tunicates/hagfish/lamprey

  • osmoconformers
• Actinopterygii

  • osmoregulators
• Amphibians

  • Like fish
  • Moist environments
• Nephron - basic structural and functional unit of the kidney
• Allantois - nitrogenous waste storage