Nat 5 History - great war/ ww1

    Cards (60)

    • Why did men volunteer to join the army during the Great War? (6)
      Peer pressure - influenced by friends
      War Fever
      Patriotism
      Good pay
      Opportunity for adventure
      • Impress women
    • What were the conditions and life like in the trenches? (6)

      • Constant fear of death- snipers
      Waterlogged and muddy - poor drainage
      Boredom, fighting was not constant
      No proper hygiene, disease easily spread
      Rat infested, they grew so large due to food supply of dead bodies
      Constant artillery bombardment caused Shell Shock
    • What were some weapon technology in WW1? (6)
      • Lee Enfield Rifle accurate and fast - standard issue for Brits
      Machine guns required several people, could also overheat
      Planes were initially used to spy on enemy positions but could also be used to drop bombs.
      Tanks were a brand-new development of weapon technology and carried great shock value.
      Poison gas was used to disable the enemy and make attacks on their positions easier.
      Artillery killed more men than any other weapon over the course of the war, they fired large shells over a range of several miles.
    • What were the tactics of Trench Warfare? (6)
      • Trenches were a zigzag pattern so enemies would not have a straight line of fire
      • 'Over the Top' soldiers go over No Man's Land towards enemies
      'Creeping Barrage' artillery shielded soldiers going over No Man's Land
      • Mines were built to place explosives under enemy trenches
      Countermines were built to intercept mines being built
      • Develop new weapons to shock and surprise the enemy
    • What were some acts of DORA? (6)
      Flying kites was banned in case it was used to signal to enemy ships.
      Newspapers were censored, only government approved war stories, stop damaging the nations morale
      • Not allowed to spread rumours or gossip about the war. To protect morale and stop spies gaining info
      • It was against the law to feed bread to ducks, as this was a waste of valuable food supplies.
      Curfews were introduced, meaning you had to be home by a certain time of night. This was done to increase security.
      Beer was watered down and pub opening hours were reduced in an attempt to make sure that industrial workers were sober and fit to work each day.
    • What were acts of rationing? (6)
      • After initial panic buying at the outbreak of war leading to shortages, people settled down into a routine, and food was not a problem until late in 1916.
      Germans tried to starve Britain by targeting merchant ships giving supplies to GB
      • In February 1917 the Germans announced 'unrestricted submarine warfare' - they would attack ANY ship going to or from GB - reducing food supply
      • As supplies ran short, prices increased and poorer people ere not able to afford the same as wealthy people, meaning food distribution was unfair across the country,
      • In January 1918 sugar was rationed. By the end of the war, butter, cheese, meat, jam, tea and margarine were all added to the rationing system.
      • Everyone was given a ration card and had to register with a butcher and grocer.
    • What was propaganda used for?
      • Propaganda is information designed to support one point of view, rather than provide balanced information.
      • The Government set up the War Propaganda Bureau to better support GBs war effort
      • Some propaganda was designed to encourage hatred of the enemy, (Germans)
      • Propaganda was used to encourage men to join the army, with posters suggesting that it was their duty to serve, and they would feel shame if they let the country down.
      • Propaganda encouraged women to help the war effort, by taking jobs men left behind
      Rationing was supported by propaganda pointing out the importance of using food wisely.
      • Propaganda included posters leaflets, newspapers and paintings
    • What was conscription and who were conscientious objectors? (6)

      • In February 1916 the Military Service Act introduced 'conscription'. Men aged 19-41 had to join the army. Initially it was only unmarried men, but in May 1916 the Act was extended to include married men. In April 1918 the upper age limit was increased to 51.
      • The Act allowed men to claim they should not be conscripted because of their conscience, or their beliefs. Conscience could include religious, moral or political beliefs.
      • Men making this claim were known as Conscientious Objectors, over 16,000 in GB
      • Conscientious Objectors were encouraged to carry out non-combat roles within the war effort - such as stretcher bearers, ambulance drivers and looking after horses.
      • Conscientious Objectors who refused to do even these kind of tasks were known as 'Absolutists'.
      • Propaganda posters portrayed Conscientious Objectors as feminine and lacking 'normal' male qualities and encouraged people to see them as ridiculous figures.
    • What were the casualties and death like in the Great War? (6)
      • Approximately 140,000 Scottish soldiers lost their lives during the Great War.
      • Many more were seriously injured, with loss of limbs being common.
      • Almost every family in Scotland was affected and had lost someone in the War.
      18,000 men from Glasgow died during the War.
      • This deaths left an imbalance in some communities, with many more young women than men.
      • Many families were now permanently 'headed' by women.
    • What was the changing role of women? (6)
      • Women had to take on new roles due to men serving
      • Women became more active in employment to take on jobs left by men joining the army. This included office work, but also hard physical labour such as construction.
      • Women frequently worked in the transport industry, especially on buses and trams, in factories and as police officers.
      • Due to the shortage of labour on farms, many women were used in the Women's Land Army to help produce food.
      • Women became increasingly involved in politics during this time. They led campaigns to gain the right to vote in elections, stop increased rents, and even against the War itself.
      • When men returned after 1918, many women were forced to give up their jobs and return to their role in the home, suggesting these changes were temporary.
    • What was war work? (6)
      • The Government used the powers of DORA to take control of factories that could produce 'munitions' and other material required for the war effort.
      • Workers from other areas of Britain were relocated to Glasgow in order to maintain an adequate workforce in industries vital to the war effort.
      • Diversification was when industries expanded into manufacturing different products than they would normally produce.
      • Dilution was when complex, skilled jobs were broken down into less-skilled chunks which allowed workers who were serving in the military to be more easily replaced.
      • The workforce changed during wartime, as many more women were employed in industry to replace serving men.
      • Laws were passed to make strikes illegal in industries which were seen as being vital to the war effort.
    • What was heavy industry? (6)
      • The iron/steel industry was extremely busy because of ships... Shells needed lots of steel
      • There was a great demand for coal during the war years, and so mines were very profitable. Not many skilled miners were left
      • The jute industry was based in Dundee. During the War the industry saw profits rise sharply, for sandbags
      • The rubber industry, based in Edinburgh, diversified into manufacturing gas masks and life jackets for the war effort.
      • At the end of the War a drop in demand for ships led to an immediate decline in shipbuilding, with production reducing by around 70% by 1923.
      • Scottish heavy industry faced competition from cheaper foreign alternative producers. USA coal was cheaper
    • What were reserved occupations? (5)
      • Jobs that were too important to send to war. If it was in the national interest of the war effort, men could stay and continue in their normal work.
      • If a job was unskilled or the position replaced, it was not reserved
      • The Military Service Act of 1916 stated that all able men between 19 and 41 had to sign up to war. Unless they worked in a reserved occupation
      • There was no definitive list of reserved occupations. Local tribunals decided
      • Individuals given exemption at one time might find their exemption revoked later, as the need for troops increased.
    • Wat was farming and fishing during the Great War? (6)
      • Farming was important to the Scottish economy with 13% of Scots employed in the agriculture industry.
      • During the War there was great demand on farming to increase food production, cause German U-boats
      • Many women in the Women's Land Army worked on farms. Prisoners were also used as replacement labourers.
      • Wages for skilled ploughmen and shepherds jumped during the War, due to the shortage of skilled workers.
      • Fishing was a significant industry in Scotland, with over 30,000 men working in fishing.
      • Fishing boats faced threats from the German Navy whenever they took to sea.
    • What were some new industries of the 1920s? (6)
      • In the 1920s new industries such as the manufacture of motor cars and the manufacture of electrical goods grew in significance.
      • Scotland's traditional reliance on heavy industry made it difficult for Scottish industry to respond and adapt, new workers did not meet requirements
      • Scottish wages were lower than in the rest of Britain, and so Scots were often not able to afford these new products. Manufacturing was located closer to potential customers, cutting down transport costs.
      • The increased importance of the road network for transport disadvantaged Scottish locations, as they were more remote. Central and southern England had a far more developed and extensive road network.
      • There was a lack of money to invest in new manufacturing processes in Scotland, and the Government did not provide funding to assist.
      • Scotland had far fewer homes with an electricity supply than the rest of Britain, and so Scots had limited demand for electrical goods.
    • What was the suffragist campaign? (6)
      • They gathered signatures on petitions, displayed public support they had, even from men
      • They worked closely with male politicians who supported their cause. Making it easier to change the law
      • They distributed leaflets, and pamphlets on streets to spread their message, raising awareness
      • They held processions and marches, which showed the commitment of women to the campaign.
      • The methods of the Suffragists encouraged men to support the campaign as they demonstrated that women could become involved in politics in a calm, reasonable, rational way.
      • Methods were easy for politics and media to ignore, so no changes were made
    • What was the suffragette campaign? (6)
      • Suffragettes would smash shop windows on busy streets. Gaining publicity through media
      • Paintings in galleries were attacked and slashed with knives. Making a very public statement about the determination of Suffragettes.
      • Suffragettes committed acts of arson to again generate publicity.
      • Male politicians giving speeches were heckled and interrupted, and their meetings disrupted.
      • When Suffragettes were imprisoned for their actions, they sometimes went on hunger strike, generating sympathy
      • However, the publicity was often counterproductive, and simply made those opposed to votes for women more determined not to give the Suffragettes what they wanted.
    • What was the women's war effort? (6)
      • Along with Suffragists and Suffragettes, women's contribution to the war effort also helped convince male politicians that they deserved the right to vote.
      • Women joined the army (WAAC) which allowed men to be freed from administration tasks to take up front line duty. It was felt that women who had stepped up for the good of the country should be trusted with the vote.
      • Women worked in munitions factories at great personal danger from explosions and chemical poisoning, showing they were equal to men.
      • At the start of the War the Suffragettes called off their campaign, and instead supported the country's war effort. This made some opponents change their opinion of the Suffragettes as they appeared patriotic.
    • What were the rent strikes? (6)
      • Early in the War 20,000 new workers came to Glasgow to work in war-related industry which created a housing shortage.
      • Landlords saw the opportunity to increase rent. Sometimes as much as 23%
      • A rent 'strike' was organised in which households refused to pay the increased rents. Eventually 25,000 households across Glasgow joined the rent strike.
      • Landlords attempted to evict those who did not pay their rent. Sheriff's Officers were the officials with the job of carrying out evictions.
      • Rent strikers organised lookouts to warn when Sheriff's Officers were approaching. Sheriff's Officers were also verbally abused and sometimes had eggs thrown at them.
      • Male workers in factories threatened to strike from their jobs unless the rent strikers demands were met.
      • Landlords were only allowed to increase rent if they had made significant improvements to the property.
    • What were Homes Fit for Heroes? (6)
      • The standard of housing for many in Scotland before the war had been very poor, overcrowding, no running water, no outdoor space
      • The Government stated that they wanted to 'reward' the soldiers who had fought for the country in the War with a home fit for a hero.
      • Men returning from war to the cities would return to new homes which were affordable, and clean, spacious and with better facilities in comparison to former living conditions.
      • Garden space in new homes allowed vegetables to be grown and children to play outdoors to improve health and reduce disease.
      • The Addison Act 1919 provided government subsidies for the production of new homes by local authorities and ensured homes were built beside facilities such as schools and shops.
      • Over half a million new homes were built and tenement slums were eventually cleared to reduce poor quality housing.
    • What was Extension of the Franchise? (6)
      • 'Franchise' means the right to vote, after the war, the franchise was extended
      • The Representation of the People Act in 1918 gave women the right to vote for the first time. However, this was limited to women who owned a certain value of property, and who were aged over 30. This gave all men aged 21 or over the right to vote.
      • From 1918 men aged 19 or 20 could also vote if they had served overseas during the War. This meant that 5 million more men could vote, and 8 million women could now vote.
      • A second Representation of the People Act in 1928 gave all women aged 21 or over the right to vote, which was the point that women achieved the same voting rights as men.
      • In a General Election in 1910 less than 5 million people had voted across Britain. In a General Election in 1929 over 21 million people voted.
      • Since many of the 'new' voters were poorer working-class people, this allowed the Labour Party which represented such people, to grow in popularity and success
    • What was the structure of the AST? (6)
      • Triangular route between Britain, West Africa and the Caribbean.
      • Ships loaded with manufactured goods (such as guns, alcohol, beads, cloth, cooking pots) from GB -> Africa. In Africa these manufactured goods were exchanged or traded for enslaved African people.
      • The enslaved people were transported across the Atlantic, in what was known as the Middle Passage, to the Caribbean islands. In the Caribbean the enslaved people were sold at auction to plantation owners, making cash profit for the slave traders.
      • Some of the profit from selling slaves was used to purchase sugar, tobacco and other raw materials that were produced in the Caribbean.
      • These materials were then transported back to Britain, to be processed and sold for further profit.
      • At no point on the triangular voyage was the ship empty - and so it was always making profit for the owner, making the trade very efficient.
    • How did the AST impact British economy and cities? (6)
      • Huge profits for individual British businessmen. Voyages could make between 20% and 50% profit for the owner.
      • Traders needed loans and insurance, and so the financial services industry grew dramatically, especially in London with companies such as Lloyds.
      • Industries which processed the raw materials produced through the use of slaves grew, such as the sugar industry around Bristol.
      • Ports directly involved in the Triangular Trade grew in size and wealth, especially Bristol and Liverpool.
      • Liverpool's shipbuilding industry increased as a result of the demand for slave ships.
      • Many wealthy slave traders invested money in lavish homes for themselves and funded public buildings such as city halls and libraries, which impacted the architecture of cities.
    • How did the AST impact West Africa? (6)
      • Africa suffered population loss. Approximately twelve million Africans were transported across the Atlantic.
      • The majority of those enslaved were male, reducing the number of young men available to work in African communities growing food. Leading to food shortages and famine in areas of Africa.
      • Family units and small villages were split up by the slave trade, and some local communities never recovered.
      • African tribal leaders allowed European traders to operate in their territory, in return for goods or guarantees of protection from other slavers, making them very powerful
      • The slave trade encouraged conflict between African tribes, as prisoners of war were potential slaves, and could be traded with European slavers.
      • Infrastructure, such as harbours and bridges, was developed in West Africa, but it was designed to meet the needs of the slave traders rather than the local population.
    • How did the AST impact the Caribbean? (6)
      • The native population of the Caribbean islands was completely wiped out by over work, violence, and disease.
      • The native population was replaced by a population of white European settlers, and black African slaves. This altered the character of the islands.
      • The population of the Caribbean islands increased dramatically - by over 50% between 1770 and 1807. This put pressure on resources such as land and food.
      • The economy of Caribbean islands became dependent on the production of sugar as a cash crop. This unbalanced the economy, making it vulnerable to changes in global demand for a single product.
      • The sugar production depended on transporting raw sugar to Britain for processing. This made the Caribbean reliant on British industry, and so limited their independence.
      • The natural environment of the Caribbean, with areas of wilderness and forest, was swept away to be replaced by plantations. This damaged plant and wildlife species.
    • How were slaves captured? (6)
      • Slavers negotiated with local chiefs and often paid them to gain permission to trade on their territory.
      • Europeans were afraid of getting diseases and they were unfamiliar with the African land, so mainly relied on African middlemen to capture slaves on their behalf.
      • African middlemen captured individuals and transported them to the coast to sell to traders. Slavers would also trade directly with local chiefs to obtain slaves.
      • Slaves were often captured many miles inland and forced to walk to the coast, chained together in a 'coffle'.
      • They were chained together, often with a heavy piece of wood, 5-6 feet long, with forked ends. The slave's neck would be placed between the forked ends and an iron bolt passed through the ends trapping their neck.
      • Thousands of Africans died on the slave march.
    • What ere Slave factories? (6)
      •Around 45% of slaves died in factories, as conditions were very poor, disease was easily spread.
      • Female slaves in factories were subject to rape and sexual abuse from their captors.
      • At least 30 slave factories along the west coast of Africa
      • These factories were fortified with strong high walls to prevent slaves escaping, and to protect this valuable product from being stolen.
      • Also acted as secure storage facilities for the goods (alcohol, guns) that would be traded for enslaves Africans.
      • Due to the seasonal and irregular arrival of slave ships from Europe, some slaves were held in factories for many months before being loaded onto a ship.
    • What was the Middle Passage? (6)
      • Many Africans from the mainland had never seen the sea or a ship and were terrified
      • Slaves were usually held below deck, and often had no more than three feet of headroom and often much less.
      • Many slaves were forced to lie in their own waste for days. This included faeces and vomit.
      • To stop their legs from wasting away, slaves were made to dance on deck for exercise which was humiliating.
      • Conditions were so severe that some slaves committed suicide by throwing themselves in to the sea.
      • Rape and abuse of slave women was common, as pregnant slaves could be worth more money.
    • What was seasoning? What were auctions? (6)
      • Seasoning was preparing slaves for sale. They were washed and shaved, would also be rubbed with palm oil to disguise sores and wounds caused by tough conditions on board the ships; this made them look healthier.
      • Seasoning also trained slaves in the basic skills of plantation work, making them more attractive to buyers.
      • Sometimes seasoning lasted for years. 5 million slaves died in seasoning camps,
      • Often slaves who had been whipped had their scars covered by tar. Buyers did not wish to purchase disobedient, defiant slaves, and scars were evidence of this.
      • There were two main types of slave auction: a 'slave scramble' (a rush of buyers to grab the slave they wish to buy) and an auction where slaves were sold to the highest bidder.
      • Slaves had to endure being poked and prodded, having their teeth checked, and standing naked whilst they were examined, humiliating them.
      • Following auctions, slaves were often split up from their family.
    • What was living and working on plantations like for slaves? (6)
      • There were different classes of slaves; trusted skilled slaves were at the top and slaves who worked in the fields at the bottom.
      • They lived in very basic huts, or shacks. They often had earth floors and very limited furniture.
      • Overseers were trusted slaves or paid white men who watched over the slaves and made sure they were productive.
      • Physical beatings or whipping was common if slaves were thought to be disobedient or not working hard enough.
      • Slaves would work for more than twelve hours per day, from dawn to dusk. This could be even more at harvest time.
      • Slaves were not expected to work on Sundays but were expected to attend religious worship.
    • What was discipline and punishment like of slaves? (6)
      • Slaves could be punished for a wide range of wrongdoing from working slowly to stealing food, from talking back owners to running away.
      • Punishments were often carried out in front of other slaves in order to act as a deterrent.
      • Slaves would receive frequent whippings. Some owners scheduled whipping as a regular form of discipline, even when the slaves had not been in any way disobedient, as a deterrent.
      • Slaves were beaten, sometimes resulting in serious, permanent injury. Often a wooden paddle, studded with metal, was used during the beating.
      • The thumbscrew was a method used to punish slaves. This could be for a very minor offence. It would not be used on slaves whose work required precision and neatness.
      • Runaway slaves were punished severely. After being chased down by slave catchers with dogs, they would often have toes cut off to limit their ability to run.
    • What were some methods of control on plantations? (6)
      • Slaves were constantly supervised, which made it difficult for any planned resistance to be coordinated.
      • Slaves faced the constant threat of harsh punishment, which made many of them too scared to resist.
      • Slaves were made to believe that slavery was their fate, and there was no point in resisting - brainwashing.
      • Slaves were encouraged to form family units with spouses and children, and this meant slaves had more to lose by resisting, as they had to think not only of themselves.
      • Caribbean plantations were, by definition, on islands. This meant that slaves who ran away were limited in where they could run to.
      • Branding was used to identify slaves and link them to their owners. This meant that slaves who ran away were easily identifiable.
    • What was slave resistance and revolt? (6)
      • One form of resistance was to retain old customs, traditions and language from Africa which owners would try to eliminate from slaves to rob them of their identity prior to enslavement.
      • Some slaves would work slowly or inefficiently to reduce their owner's profits as an act of resistance.
      • Some slaves would damage property of their owners as resistance. This might include work tools and equipment, product such as sugar cane, or buildings on plantations.
      • A common form of resistance was to run away. Slaves were often recaptured quickly, but some communities of escaped slaves managed to exist in the remote areas of islands such as Jamaica.
      • Some slaves violently attacked their owners or their overseers. They sometime sused their tools as weapons.
      • Fear of revolts meant slaves were treated very harshly and any act of resistance was severely punished.
    • What were the origins of the abolitionist movement? (5)
      • The Quakers were a religious group that was the first organisation to speak out against slavery. They banned anyone with connections to the slave trade from joining them.
      • In 1783 the Bishop of Chester preached a sermon criticising the Church of England's support for the slave trade. This started a national debate about the rights and wrongs of the trade.
      • In 1787 the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was formed in London. They campaigned against the trade as a first step towards abolishing slavery completely.
      • In 1788 the Prime Minister set up a committee to investigate and report on the slave trade. This was the first involvement of MPs in considering changes to the slave trade.
      • A Scottish explorer called Mungo Park wrote a book which educated Europeans on African culture and explained that they were human beings who had their own traditions. This contributed to a shift in the negative attitudes towards Africans.
    • What were some abolitionist arguments? (6)
      • There was a Christian argument that the slave trade was against the teachings of the Bible.
      • The Christian argument stated that since God had created all men, it was wrong for some men to enslave others. Also, Jesus had taught that people should 'love their neighbour' and treat people with kindness - and slavery did not seem to fit with these principles.
      • There was an economic argument that slavery was an inefficient model for production and profit.
      • The economic argument suggested that slaves were not motivated to work hard, and paid workers would be more productive. Other areas of the British Empire started to produce sugar more profitably than slave plantations in the Caribbean.
      • There was a humanitarian argument that the slave trade was fundamentally cruel and brutal.
      • This argument was the focus for much of the abolitionist campaign, as evidence was gathered to demonstrate the cruelty. The Middle Passage was particularly targeted by abolitionist as a cruel aspect of the trade.
    • What were methods of abolitionists? (6)
      • William Wilberforce was an abolitionist MP who introduced Bills to Parliament in an effort to have the law changed, for 16years consecutively. He used evidence from other abolitionists to persuade MPs to support abolition.
      • Thomas Clarkson travelled around Britain gathering evidence of the cruelty of the slave trade. He collected physical items such as whips and shackles, along with interviews from those involved in the trade. Clarkson also prepared pamphlets and illustrations , such as a diagram of how slaves were packed on board ships.
      • Granville Sharp was involved in taking several cases involving slavery to court in Britain. For example, in the 'Somerset' case it was decided that there was no 'slavery' in Britain - although this did not stop the trade as slaves never came to Britain on the triangular route.
      • Olaudah Equiano was a freed slave who wrote his life story in what became a very successful book. His story demonstrated that slaves were articulate and intelligent human beings, changing some attitudes towards the slave trade.
      • Josiah Wedgwood owned a ceramics business which designed and manufactured a medallion with the image of a slave and the phrase 'Am I not a man and a brother?'. This was widely distributed and gained great publicity for the campaign.
      • John Newton had been a crew member on a slave ship who later became a Church of England minister. He issued a pamphlet detailing his experience of the Middle Passage and apologising for his part in the trade. This gave an eye-witness account of the cruelty.
      • Hannah More was a poet from Bristol. Along with writing poetry about the harsh nature of slavery, she encouraged women to boycott slave produced sugar. Some shops reported a 30% drop in sales.
    • What were arguments against abolition?
      • It was argued that the slave trade represented the natural order of things, and abolishing it would disturb the way things were supposed to be. Black people were seen as less advanced, and so more suited to labour.
      • It was argued that if there was no slave trade to maintain the supply of slave labour, the prices of products would inevitably increase. This would impact the British public by making sugar and other items less affordable.
      • It was argued that the price increase caused by removing slave labour would mean an increase in prices for sugar and other items. This would lead to unsold produce, and financial loss for British businesses.
      • It was argued that if the British abolished the slave trade other countries such as France and Spain would take over. Therefore Britain's economic strength and power would be reduced.
      • It was argued that abolishing the slave trade would lead to conflict with previously enslaved people, who would seek revenge for their time as slaves. It was simpler to maintain the power relationship that currently existed.
      • It was argued that there was no need to get rid of the trade completely in order to tackle the cruel aspects. Regulation - introducing new rules - would be a wiser approach than abolition.
    • What were reasons for delay in abolition? (6)
      • Some MPs had business interests in the Slave Trade and so were unwilling to vote to abolish it., and other MPs took bribes from slavers to block laws to abolish the trade.
      • Some preferred a slower, more gradual phasing out of the slave trade rather than immediate abolition.
      • Caribbean plantation owners argued against abolition as it would harm their profits. They demanded that the government paid them compensation if the trade was abolished. The Government could not afford to pay this compensation.
      • The British public were concerned about the economic impact of abolition on ordinary working men. Sailors, shipbuilders and blacksmiths were all threatened with losing income. Unemployment was a serious concern.
      • Following the French Revolution there was a fear of radical change in Britain, and many MPs turned against abolition as being too extreme.
      • In 1793 Britain declared war on France, and Parliament was too busy dealing with the war to give time to abolition debates.
    • What were reasons for eventual abolition? (6)
      • Since more members of the public had been persuaded to support abolition on humanitarian grounds, and politicians feared becoming unpopular if they did not support the end of slavery.
      • There was an increasingly younger generation of MPs, who were more 'modern' in outlook. They looked up to Wilberforce and were persuaded by his consistent arguments of Wilberforce.
      • Sugar could now be produced cheaper and more efficiently in India, and cotton became more profitable than sugar.
      • The industrial revolution allowed other industries in Britain to flourish which meant the economy did not rely on the slave trade.
      • Some plantation owners in the Caribbean were prepared to accept the trade being abolished if it meant slavery itself could continue. Their existing population of slaves could reproduce and sustain the Caribbean workforce.
      • The Church now promoted the end of slavery which greatly influenced the ideas of the public
    • What were reasons for migration to USA? (6)
      • Some immigrants wanted to escape poverty and seek the chance to become rich in a new country .
      • Some immigrants wanted to escape war and instability and move to a more peaceful country .
      • Some immigrants wanted to escape from religious or political persecution and move somewhere with greater tolerance of their beliefs and views .
      • Some immigrants wanted to get away from a dictatorship where they had no rights to a country where they would have civil rights .
      • Some immigrants wanted to get away from areas of high unemployment to somewhere with greater job opportunities .
      • Overall, the hope of a better life in USA was known as the American Dream