CHEMISTRY EXAM PROTONS NUETRON

• Element


  A substance made up of only one type of atom
• Compound


  Two or more atoms chemically bonded together
• Mixture


  Two or more atoms that are not chemically bonded together
• Compounds


  • CO2
  • H2O
• Mixtures

  • Air
• Monomers


  Smaller units from which larger molecules are made
• Synthetic polymers


  • Nylon
  • Polyethylene
  • Polyester
  • Teflon
  • Epoxy
• Enzyme catalysis


  1. Substrate binding

  2. Transition state facilitation

  3. Catalysis

  4. Release
• Enzymes


  • They increase the rate of chemical reactions without themselves being consumed or permanently altered by the reaction
  • They increase reaction rates without altering the chemical equilibrium between reactants and products
• As temperature increases


  The rate of reaction increases
• Atom


  The smallest particle of an element that can exist
• Magnesium + Oxygen


  Magnesium oxide
• Copper + Chlorine


  Copper chloride
• NaF


  Sodium fluoride
• CO2


  Carbon dioxide
• Li2O


  Lithium oxide
• Iron + Bromine


  Iron bromide
• Proton


  Subatomic particle with a positive charge
• Electron


  Subatomic particle with a negative charge
• Neutron


  Subatomic particle with no charge
• Almost all of the mass of the atom is found within the nucleus
• The number of protons in an atom determines the element</b>
• The number of neutrons in an atom determines the isotope
• The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons
• An atom has an overall neutral charge because the number of protons and electrons are equal
• Electron structure of an atom


  Electrons fill shells/energy levels starting from the innermost shell
• Group number on the periodic table

  Tells you how many electrons are in the outer shell
• Period number on the periodic table

  Tells you how many shells/energy levels there are
• Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons, these are called isotopes
• The atomic mass of an element is the average mass of the different isotopes
• The atomic mass of chlorine on the periodic table is 35.5, which is the average of the two isotopes
• Fractional distillation


  Separates substances according to boiling point
• Ethanol boils at 78°C and water boils at 100°C</b>
• Large particles can't fit through small holes in filtration
• Distillation separates substances based on differences in boiling points
• Ethanol and water can be extracted from a solution by distillation
• Salt can be extracted from salt water by evaporation
• Periodic table

  Arranges elements in order of atomic number, with similar elements in groups
• Group number

  Tells you how many electrons are in the outer shell
• Period number

  Tells you how many shells/energy levels there are