Bio paper 1

• nucleus= contains genetic material
• Carbon dioxide + water-> glucose + oxygen

  6CO2+ 6H2O-> C6H12O6+6O2
• Osmosis the net movement of water from a place of high concentration to a place of low concentration through partiallly permeable membrane.
• the cell wall provides support and protection against pathogens
• pulmonary vein takes oxygenated blood from the lung into the heart
• Aorta takes blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
• pulmonary artery takes blood away from the heart . It Takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• Vena cava takes deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
• Capillaries are one cell thick so oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse easily. There is Narrow lumen and high blood pressure
• Arteries:

  carries blood away from the heart

  thick muscular walls

  small lumen

  can carry blood under high pressure
• veins:

  carry blood to the heart

  thin walls

  Large lumen

  carry blood under low pressure

  Have valves
• Capillaries are small blood vessels that connect arteries and veins to the cell of the body.

  they're one cell thick

  carry blood under very low pressure
• All arteries carry oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated cells.
• All veins carry deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary vein
• Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

  It is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach.

  It emulsifies fats to form small droplets which increases the surface area.
• In enzyme reactions, increasing the temperature increases the rate of reaction, of its too high it will cause the enzymes to denature
• Arteries takes blood away from the heart and have thick walls to withstand high blood pressure
• Vein: takes blood into the heart and have thin walls due to low pressure.
• Amylase or carbohydrates- digests starch into glucose

  Protease- digest protein into amino acids

  Lipase- digest fats into fatty acids and glycerol
• Plasma transports carbon dioxide, digested food, urea, hormones and heat
• Platelets are fragments of cells produced in the bone marrow that causes blood to clot
• white blood cells are the most important part of the immune system and are responsible for fighting infection (identifying and destroying pathogens)

  there are two types of white blood cells

  phagocytes: engulf and digest pathogens through phagocytosis

  lymphocytes: Identify pathogens and produce antibodies that are bind to antigens on pathogens
• Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of your body.

  they contain haemoglobin which binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.

  they're adapted for efficient gas exchange because:

  they have a biconcave shape which increases the surface area for increased diffusion.

  they're small enough to fit through small capillaries.

  no nucleus
• Atrium is where the blood enters the heart
• Left ventricle pumps blood up and out the aorta to the body. it comes back to the heart by the vena cava
• Xylem transports water up the plant from the roots to the leaves and stems.
• Transpiration is the los of water
• the equation for photosynthesis is: Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen
• The process of photosynthesis involves light energy being absorbed by chlorophyll, this causes electrons to be excited and move into an electron transport chain. This releases ATP and NADPH. The carbon dioxide reacts with these molecules to make glucose. Oxygen is released as a waste product.
• Phloem transports sugars made during photosynthesis around the plant
• The equation for respiration is glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
• Photosynthesis happens in chloroplasts, they are found in the mesophyll layer of the leaf
• xylem 


  Move minerals and water from the roots to leaves
• Palisade


  Photosynthesis

  large surface area, positioned at top side of the leaf, packed with chlorophyll
• Root hair cells


  To collect water and minerals for plant.

  large surface area to maximise osmosis and active transport.
• Phloem


  Transport glucose around the plan.

  they have sieve tubes to allow flow both ways
• The first use of glucose is releasing energy in respiratino
• Respiration takes place in the mitochondria
• Malignant tumours cells can spread around the body invading neighbouring healthy tissues
• Benign cells stay in one place usually in a membrane