Reading and Writing

• Claim


  The main argument, also called a position, may be unverified or controversial, statements not considered accepted by all
• Types of Claims


  • Claim of Fact
  • Claim of Value
  • Claim of Policy
• Claim of Fact


  Relates to statements that can be easily verified and are not dependent on persons preference, asserts that a condition had existed, existing or will exist based on facts of data
• Claim of Value


  Involves judgements and evaluations, judges whether something is good/bad, right/ unjust, and ethical/unethical
• Claim of Policy


  Advocates specific course of action, asserts that specific policies should be instituted as solution, always "SHOULD" or "OUGHT TO" or "MUST" are included
• Assertion


  Approach or technique involving a strong declaration, a forceful or confident and positive statement about a belief or fact, often without proof or support, both Subjective and Objective
• Types of Assertion


  • Basic Assertion
  • Emphatic Assertion
  • Escalating Assertion
• Basic Assertion


  A simple statement for expressing feelings, opinions, and beliefs
• Emphatic Assertion


  It conveys sympathy to someone, has a recognition of feelings or situation of other person, shows support for the other person's viewpoint, shows sympathy and empathy yet stands on their statement
• Escalating Assertion


  Occurs when someone is not able to give a response to a person's basic assertions, makes someone firm about the other person
• Counterclaim


  A claim made to nullify previous claim, used to rebut someone else's claim
• Hypertext


  Characterized by external links embedded in a text by the writer
• Book Review


  A critical analysis of the material that describes, summarizes, and critiques the ideas presented, the purpose is to broaden your knowledge base and understanding of a topic, an analytic or critical review of a book or article, not primarily a summary, it comments on and evaluates the work
• Textual Evidence


  A verified text that has been collected from the original source or document that supports argument
• Types of Textual Evidence


  • Paraphrasing
  • Summarizing
  • Referencing
  • Quoting
• Paraphrasing


  Restating the author's ideas or arguments in your own words, allows you to convey the information from the text without directly quoting it
• Summarizing


  A condensed version of the main points or key arguments of a text, used for longer passages or explaining complex ideas in simpler terms, an overview of a larger work or for highlighting the most important information
• Referencing


  Indication of when an author's words or ideas have been used in academic writing, to properly credit them and avoid plagiarism
• Quoting


  Exact words or phrases taken directly from the text