Applied Science

• Prokaryotic cells

  • Do not have a nucleus
• Eukaryotic cells

  • Do have a nucleus
• Cell wall


  Gives shape and support to plant cells
• Plasma membrane


  Acts as a barrier/interface
• Cell organelles


  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Ribosomes
  • DNA
• Cytoplasm


  Site of many cell reactions
• Mitochondria


  Site of aerobic respiration
• Chloroplasts


  Site of photosynthesis
• Golgi apparatus


  Modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles
• Lysosomes


  Release digestive enzymes to break down pathogens, unwanted organelles, and to destroy the cell
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum


  Production and storage of lipids and carbohydrates
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum


  Responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins
• Ribosomes


  Site of protein synthesis
• DNA


  Double stranded, forming a double helix, while RNA is usually single stranded. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose whose RNA contains ribose
• Tissues


  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nerve
• Epithelial tissue


  • Covers the outside of a structure
  • Layers of cells that sit on a basement membrane
• Connective tissue


  • Contains cells and fibres
  • Holds a gelatinous matrix
• Muscle tissue


  • Supports/binds tissues together
  • Functions to include movement as the skeleton, blood along vessels and blood through the heart
  • Contains muscle cells that are connected and contract as a whole
• Bone tissue


  • Functions to support the body, protect the body for movement, production of blood cells and storage of minerals
• Nerve tissue


  • Contains nerve cells (neurons) that hold the functions to transmit impulses around the body
• Endocrine organs


  • Ovaries
  • Testes
• Ovaries


  Produce gametes (eggs/oocytes) and release hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
• Testes


  Produce gametes (sperm) and release testosterone
• Organs are tissues that are together to perform a complex function
• The endocrine system is an organ system it has glandular tissue, muscle tissue, and have working together to pump blood
• Types of isomers


  • Structural
  • Geometric
  • Optical
• Structural isomers


  Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures
• Geometric isomers


  Compounds which has two different groups attached to each carbon atom around the C=C bond
• Optical isomers


  When two isomers aren't the same, when they have at least one chiral centre (carbon with four different groups attached)
• Functional groups


  • Alkane
  • Alkene
  • Alkyne
  • Alcohol
  • Aldehyde
  • Ketone
  • Ester
• Aldehyde

  C=O (at the end)
• Ketone


  C=O (in the middle)
• Ester

  1. CO-O-R, smells like pears
• Esters are formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, releasing water
• Iron

  Component of haemoglobin and myoglobin, important in oxygen transport
• Calcium

  Important in muscle contraction, bone structure
• Lithium


  Used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of depression/bipolar disorder
• Platinum


  Component of some anticancer drugs
• Manganese

  Component of some enzymes, activator of other enzymes, important for normal liver function
• Flame test method

  1. Dip a clean wire loop into the sample

  2. Put the loop into the edge of the blue flame

  3. Observe and record the colour