Elizabethan whole course

• VIKING INVASIONS: reasons (ER)

  ECONOMIC RESOURCES

  they had a lack of farmland.

  Norway (+ Scandinavia) was very hilly so they were limited to what they could grow and so limited of food and substance to live.

  This lead them to invade Britain and expand to gain resources they didn't have.

  Some expanded and some stayed but most invaded...

  793: invaded the Monastery in Lindisfarne, Northumbria and stole goods, gold and food.
• VIKING INVASIONS: reasons (S and T)

  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

  they had boat advancements- better than Britain.

  Longboats- to travel upstream quickly allowing them to settle in Britain.

  This made it easier to invade as they have better transportation for themselves and better than others.
• VIKING INVASIONS: significance


  LANGUAGE:

  Viking words are still used in the English language today like: cake, egg, sister, odd, ugly etc.

  Due to Danelaw (899) and the alliance/ peace between the Anglo-saxons and Vikings (laws, names, crafts)

  
  

  RESOURCES:

  Gaining land and wealth resources which they hadn't done before.

  They used longboats and changed the ways of travelling.

  
  

  UNITED

  Vikings and Anglo-Saxons united with Danelaw and Danegeld.
• ALFRED THE GREAT: significance- unity

  UNITED ENGLAND

  reorganised the Saxon army and built the navy to protect the Eastern coastline.

  Created unity between the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings after winning the Battle of Eddington in May 878.

  Forced Vikings to surrender by seizing towns.

  Set up an area called Danelaw which was territory for Vikings as long as they pledged to never attack Wessex.

  (half for anglo-saxons, half for vikings)

  Made them learn how to read and write.
• ALFRED THE GREAT: significance- christianity

  BETTER ESTABLISHED CHRISTIANITY

  Vikings practiced their own religion with separate Gods.

  Convinced Gunthrum (leader of Viking army) to convert to Christianity and 3 weeks later, 29 of his men got baptised.

  Gunthrum accepted Alfred as his God father.
• AETHELRED: reign


  King Edgar the Peaceful died and had two sons: Edward and Aethelred.

  Edward was King of England for only 3 years. In 978 he was murdered and Aethelred became King.
• AETHELRED: vikings


  During Aethelreds reign, new groups of Vikings searching for fame and fortune so invaded England.

  991- huge Viking army led by Sven Forkbeard arrived at Folkestone in a fleet of over 90 ships.

  Aethelred paid the Vikings to leave called Danegeld (money for the Danish)

  After 997- fresh parties of Vikings attacked parts of Southern England. They demanded and received Danegeld.
• AETHELRED: emma of normandy


  Danegeld cost a fortune and English hated the taxes needed to pay it.

  Aethelred looked for other ways to keep Vikings away.

  Aethelred made an agreement to ally with the Duke of Normandy and so married Emma of Normandy.
• AETHELRED: attack


  Aethelred used the fear and hatred of the Vikings to carry out mass killings of Viking men, women and children.

  This became known as 'St Brice's day massacre'

  Sven Forkbeard's sister was murdered.
• AETHELRED: end of reign


  Sven Forkbeard wanted revenge so planned to invade England with a powerful army.

  1013- Sven summoned a large army and swiftly conquered England.
• CNUT/ RETURN OF AETHELRED

  Forkbeard dies a year after the start of his reign.

  His son, Cnut, became Englands new Viking king but Anglo-Saxons wanted Aethelred back.

  1014, forced Cnut back to Denmark so Aethelred became King again.
• CNUT: victory


  Cnuts supporters in England rebelled against Aethelred.

  Aethelreds own son rebelled against him.

  1016- He succeeded and Edmund became King.

  However, 6 months later, Cnut beat him in the Battle of Assandun in Essex.

  They made an agreement: that Edmund ran Essex and Cnut ran Wessex and if either died, the other would take over their land and reign.

  A month later, Edmund died and Cnut became King.
• CNUT: his rule- control

  CONTROL AND UNITY OVER BRITAIN

  He was tough with the Anglo-Saxons he thought might rebel against him.

  He made sure to have leaders to create a strong and reliable Britain.

  Loyal Danish nobles were given British lands, trustworthy English nobles were also left to rule their own areas.

  Brought back many popular and fairlaws of Edgar the peaceful.
• CNUT: his rule- north sea empire

  NORTH SEA EMPIRE/STABILITY TO ENGLAND

  He inherited kingdoms of Denmark and Norway from his elder brother and ruled parts of Sweden too.

  To bring more stability to England, he married Emma of Normandy.

  Emma was the sister of the Duke of Normandy.

  She improved relations with the church and helped bring peace to England.

  -- During his 20 year reign, England was at peace.

  Cnut died in 1935.

  However, his 2 sons, in their reign, were hated.

  > Harold (Cnut and his first wife.

  > Harthacnut (Emma and Cnuts son) - 1042, Harthacnut died and the throne passed to his half- brother, Edward (Emma and Aethelreds son).
• A NORMAN KINGDOM: race for the crown


  King Edward dies on 6th of Jan 1066. Three main contenders for the throne were:

  > William, Duke of Normandy.

  > Harald Hardrada, Viking ruler of Norway

  > Harold Godwinson, English, good soldier.

  Day after Edward's death, Witan (noble) elected Harold as King but 2 rivals planned invasions.

  Hardrada was defeated by King Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.

  King Harold was then, a few days later, defeated by William in the Battle of Hastings.

  He was crowned on Christmas day, 1066.term-31
• A NORMAN KINGDOM: significance

  Castles were built that are still around today (tower of London).

  
  

  French was now a new language- "Parliament".

  
  

  The Fuedal system was created.
• ANGEVIN EMPIRE: short term significance

  CREATED MONEY AND IDENTITY FOR ENGLAND:

  Henry II stepping into power and gaining all of his land from his father and mother, Count Geoffrey of Anjou and Matilda he gained land:

  Aquitaine (marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine).

  Maine.

  France (Anjou).

  England.

  Finally had possession of land, wealth and trade including Wine in Gascony and Cotton in Flanders.

  Identity- King Henry and his inheritance and sometimes invasions (Ireland) which was rare in England.
• ANGEVIN EMPIRE: long term significance

  Less significant when his son, John, lost all the land and money gained from the Empire due to poor decisions and wrong alliances.

  Due to conspiring to take the throne with the King of France (Phillip) off of his brother- when John became King, Phillip invaded England and John lost the Angevin Empire.

  England lost all previous land and in France, England had no more money and when John asked for some from the Barons, it was quickly declined.
• HUNDRED YEARS WAR: causes of war

  1337, King Edward III of England claimed the French throne and declared war on France.

  He was 24 years old.

  He saw war with France as achieving glory on the battlefield but also:

  > French threatened to take over Englands Wine in Gascony.

  > Edward closely linked to France. His Grandfather, the King of France. He thought he had better chance to the throne.
• HUNDRED YEARS WAR: the war

  1337, England and France started to fight for control over the French throne. The war lasted on and off until 1453 and covered the reign of 5 kings.

  
  

  FIRST STAGE OF WAR:

  1337 to 1360.

  Edward III won battles at Crécy (1346) and Poitiers (1356) and captured French port, Calais, one nearest to England (remained in English control for 200 years).

  Edward also captured the French king but gave up the demands to the French throne in return for the right to control Gascony, Calais and other French territories.

  
  

  SECOND STAGE OF WAR:

  Began in 1370.

  French won back some of the land they had lost.

  
  

  FINAL STAGE:

  1413- Henry V reign. Won the Battle of Agincourt.

  Henry died in 1422 and succeeded by his 9 month son.

  French beat English again and again.

  War ended in 1453, English lost all land in France apart from a small area around Calais.
• HUNDRED YEARS WAR: battle of Agincourt


  Henry V became king of England in 1413.

  1415 he sailed to France to try to regain territory that former kings of England lost.

  French army- 30,000 men.

  English army- 11,000 men.

  Battle was a disaster for the French and England went on to conquer Normandy and even more of France.

  However, lost by his son around 1422.
• HUNDRED YEARS WAR: significance- identity


  Created English identity.

  French stopped being spoken in court.

  England felt less apart of Europe after losing a lot of land in France.

  So, stopped using French and disconnected from French involvement.

  England now on its own and wanted to conquer West America.

  Eventually started the British Empire.

  LONG TERM- extensive impact.
• HUNDRED YEARS WAR: significance- identity

  Changed the way battles fought.

  Before war- battles fought on horseback.

  However, it was archers that led to the French defeats at Crécy, Poitiers and Agincourt.

  End on horseback.

  Handgun, longbow most effective technique. War led to use of gunpowder, canons and handguns.

  Castles seen to be useless too, began a long decline.

  GUNS- significant in colonisation in American and Africa.

  LONG TERM.
• LOOKING WEST: rivalry


  1492, Christopher Columbus 'discovered' the Carribean islands. Europeans later called it the 'West Indies'.

  Spain was the first major country to colonise the Americas- they discovered gold in South America which made them rich.

  Sir John Hawkins and Sir Walter Raleigh then explored and claimed territory by plundering Spanish Ships and stealing their riches.

  
  

  Spain= Catholic

  England= Protestant
• LOOKING WEST: John Hawkins


  1532-95.

  Became the respected naval commander, merchant and privateer, responsible for building the Royal Navy.

  Britains first slave trader. 1562, went on a slave-trade voyage.

  England gained £60 million in 1761-1808 and gained materials like: cotton, sugar, tobacco.

  England was the wealthiest country in the world at the time.

  He was knighted by Elizabeth in 1588.
• LOOKING WEST: piracy and plunder


  Britain failed to gain any gold on their own so stole from other ships.

  The Queen gave permission to do this known as a privateer, she also gained profits from it.

  Piracy is when someone keeps all the profits known as a pirate.
• LOOKING WEST: piracy replaced by plantations

  Religion- In Britain, some religious conflicts. Some Puritans and Catholics felt like the could not worship in Britain and so left.

  
  

  Economy- Set up colonies wasn't easy. Harsh weather and hunger was very common and they came into conflict with indigenous Americans.

  There were a lot of resources to gain that England didn't have so used colonies to make plantations to grow and sell things like: cotton, tobacco, sugar and potatoes.
• LOOKING WEST: into the Caribbean


  Barbados (1625)- English businessmen migrated to set up tobacco plantations.

  1655- largest owned colony from Britain.

  E= switched to sugar plantations to gain more money.

  R= In England, Quakers faced persecution and moved to Barbados.

  They set up plantations for financial gain.

  They opposed the slave trade and invited slaves to Church (plantation owners eventually made this illegal).
• LOOKING WEST: end of piracy

  British monarchs stopped granting permission for privateers as there was less need to steal from other nations.
• LOOKING WEST: move to slavery


  Not many wanted to work in such poor living conditions and so Britain switched to indentured servants.

  Indentured servant= paid for their voyage to America in exchange to be a plantation worker for a period of time.
• LOOKING WEST: economic significance

  Britain made some of the largest profits.

  Queen Elizabeth funded John Hawkins' second slave trading voyae.

  King Charles II was a partner in the Royal African Company that transported 60,000 enslaved people from Africa between 1680-1688.

  Sold sugar, tobacco from plantations.

  Slave trade industry made £60 million between 1761-1808.

  LONG TERM- started the British Empire.
• LOOKING WEST: social significance

  18th century, Glasgow and Bristol grew into large cities.

  Many of the fine buildings in these cities was from the profits of the slave trade.

  Large number of Liverpools mayors and MPs were slave traders.

  1700s= slave trade abolishment started.

  1807= abolished slave trade.

  1833= abolished throughout the whole Empire.
• COLONISATION IN NORTH AMERICA: why people left Britain

  ECONOMIC PROBLEMS- meant that unemployment among farmhands and labourers was high and wages were low.

  People struggled to survive and faced starvation due to bad harvests.

  A new start seemed very appealing.

  
  

  RELIGIOUS PROBLEMS: Puritans, Quakers and Catholics had suffered persecution since the 1530s when Henry VIII turned the country protestant in the break of Rome.

  Failure to attend the Anglican Church services was punishable by prison or even execution.

  80,000 Puritans migrated to America between 1630-41.

  Emigration peaked during the Civil Wars and the time of Oliver Cromwells rule (1642-60).
• COLONISATION IN NORTH AMERICA: Virginia


  Some colonies end in failure.

  In the late 1500s, many British people tried to established settlements in the area, Virginia, but they failed to survive.

  In 1606, James I gave permission for businessmen sailed to Virginia to set up the colony, Jamestown- to grow crops and find gold.

  There was conflict with indigenous Americans whose land they were occupying.

  
  

  With support of some indigenous people, the settlers began to farm the land successfully rather than focus on the search for gold as many were starving.

  -> tobacco planting in particular led to the success of Jamestown.

  This led to more and more British migrants seeking their fortune in the New World.

  Other colonies/settlements sprung up along the East Coast of America (13 colonies).

  --> eventually became deserted due to a lot of people dying.
• COLONISATION IN NORTH AMERICA: Sir Walter Raleigh


  1554-1618

  Sea Captain for Queen Elizabeth and James I.

  In 1584, the Queen sent him to start settlements in Virginia.

  These early colonies faced many problems as they were short on supplies, they were attacks from indigenous Americans, and many caught diseases like Malaria.
• COLONISATION IN NORTH AMERICA: Massachusetts


  One of the most famous groups of British People arrived in 1620 to America on a ship called the Mayflower.

  They were Puritans who left due to persecution.

  They set up their own colony "New Plymouth" with the aim to trade and fish with other countries.

  Enough of the colonists survived the winter, with the help by the indigenous and became and permanent colony, and the travellers became known as the Pilgrim Fathers.
• COLONISATION IN NORTH AMERICA: New Plymouth Colony

  They worked very hard and offshore fishing became the main source of farming: cod was high in demand as it was one of the highly nutritional foods in Britain.

  Settlers want to have peace and order in the colony so quickly established democratic principles and a constitution, to ensure Puritan beliefs would remain central in the colony.

  --> led to more religious groups moving to this area: more than 20,000 settlers arrived in Massachusetts between 1829-40.

  They managed to create religious and democratic rules that would become the foundation of modern America.
• COLONISATION IN NORTH AMERICA: impact on indigenous Americans


  Jamestown and New Plymouth relations with the indigenous Americans were varied.

  Good relations were like with the Powhatans with some intermarriages.

  However, the British didn't treat them the same. Massacres were carried out on both sides.

  In 1500, approximately 560,000 indigenous Americans were in 'British territory'.

  In 1700, there were less than 280,000.

  Devastating European diseases like measles, smallpox and British expansion into indigenous territory had a huge impact on indigenous Americans.

  Many had to find a new way of life, adapt into European ways or move further inland to avoid settlers.
• COLONISATION IN NORTH AMERICA: why British fell out with American colonists- INDEPENDENT MINDS

  Britain had Civil Wars so wouldn't concentrate on overseas colonies.

  The colonies began trading with one another.

  Indentured servants and enslaved people were bought and sold so human trade became a profitable industry.

  --> no longer had to rely on Britains economy.
• COLONISATION IN NORTH AMERICA: why British fell out with American colonies- INDEPENDENT ACTIONS

  America didn't have monarchs, but 'selfmade' businessmen and many colonists believed anyone could make profit themselves.

  New Plymouth set up their own constitutions which clashed with the British.

  + over time they did not want to be controlled by the British.