cell differentiation and cell diversity

Cards (22)

  • differentiation
    • cells become specialised into different types of cells
  • meristems
    • where you find stem cells in plants
  • tissue
    • group of cells
  • organs
    • group of tissue
  • systems
    • group of organs
  • some specialised animal cells
    • erythrocytes - carry oxygen from the lungs to respiring animals
    • neutrophils - ingest invading pathogens
  • stem cells are unspecialised cells that have the potential to differentiate into different specialised cells
  • totipotent
    • stem cells which can divide and differentiate to form a whole new organism eg newly fertilised egg (zygote) and the first 8-16 cells from the first few mitotic division
  • pluripotent
    • can become any type of tissue but not a whole organism eg embryo larger than 100 cells
  • multipotent
    can form a range of cells but not all different types of cells within a tissue eg stem cells in bone marrow can form different blood cells
  • unipotent
    • can only form one type of cell (skin cells)
  • 3 uses of stem cells
    • replace organs and cells
    • developing new pancreatic tissues
    • new drugs
  • sperm
    • many mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration
    • ATP provides energy for the tail to move and propel towards the ovum
    • enzymes are released from the acrosome, enzymes digest the outer protective layer covering the ovum, allowing the sperm to enter the ovum
  • epithelial cells
    • is lining tissue
    • squamous epithelial cells are flattened in shape
    • many of the cells have epithelium have cilia
  • palisade cells
    • within leaves are adapted for photosynthesis because they are long and cylindrical
    • large vacuole so that chloroplasts are positioned nearer to the periphery of the cell
    • many chloroplast
  • guard cells
    • lower epidermis, do not contain chloroplast
    • more flexible and more rigid
    • gaseous exchange can occur
  • root hair cell
    • hair like projection greatly increases surface area for absorption of water and mineral ions
    • have special carrier protein in the plasma membrane in order to actively transport the mineral ions in
  • connective tissue
    • these hold structure together and provide support eg bone, cartilage
  • muscle tissue
    • made out of cells that are specialised to contract and cause movement
  • nervous tissue
    made of cells specialised to conduct electrical impulses
  • vascular tissue
    • xylem and phloem
  • cartilage
    • hyaline cartilage - forms the embryonic skeleton , covers the end of long bones in adults, joins rib to the sternum and also found in the nose
    • fibrous cartilage - occurs in disc between vertebrae in backbone
    • elastic cartilage - makes up the outer ear