history

• demonology -

  • idea that an evil being can dwell within a person and control the mind and body
• Hippocrates proposed that psychological symptoms were caused by physical illness
• Hysteria -  psychological symptoms were a result of the uterus moving around in the body
• treatments for Melancholia

  • Tranquillity,  Sobriety, Exercise, Diet, Abstinence from sex
• • Hysteria 
  • Apply pleasant smells to the vagina to attract uterus back into positionBe constantly pregnant to keep womb occupied
• asylums were places for the physically or mentally ill to live
• asylums were ended by phillipe pinel
• automatic responses are learned through experience
• positive reinforcement - actions that produce rewards are repeated
• negative reinforcement - actions that avoid punishment are repeated
• behavioural therapy - create new associations by practicing new behvaiours and reinforcing adaptive behaviours with positive
• most disorders are polygenic
• genetic factors increase vulnerability to disorder
• psychological disorders are caused by abnormalities in

  • neurotransmitters
  • brain structure and function
  • neuroendocrine system
• neurons are messengers of the nervous system and use electrical impulses
• neurotransmitters allow neurons to pass signals
• excitatory - increases likelihood of neuron firing
• inhibitory - reduces likelihood of neuron firing
• reuptake - when unused neurotransmitter is collected by presynaptic neuron
• neurodendocrine system

  • controls eating, reproduction, growth, stress
• chronic stress increases risk for disorders
• long term HPA axis activation increases risk for disorders
• if behaviours are reinforced, they are more likely to be repeated
• exposure therapy - involves repeated exposure to feared stimulus, resist carrying out avoidance behaviour, over time does not produce fear response
• people with depression are more likely to judge neutral and happy faces as sad
• polythetic criteria - do not need all properties listed
• definitions help with

  • help with treatment
  • standardisation of communication
  • provides a name
  • allows for medical insurance and disability claims
• comorbidity is having more than 1 disorder at the same time
• comorbidity is due to

  • genetic risk
  • environment risk
  • treatment efficacy
  • neurobiological profile
• PFC is linked to SCZ, MDD, PTSD, OCD