Caregiver-infant interactions

    Cards (25)

    • What is an
      attachment?- It is atwo-way emotional bond between two individualsin which each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security
    • How
      longdoes attachment take to develop inhumans?- A few months
    • What
      behavioursdo people display in an attachment?1)Proximity2)Separation distress3)Secure-base behaviour
    • What is
      proximity?- When people try to stayphysically closeto theirattachment figure
    • What is
      separation distress?- When people showsigns of anxietywhen anattachment figureleaves their presence
    • What is
      secure-base behaviour?- When individuals areindependentfrom attachment figure - theytend to make regular contact
      - Babies display secure-base behaviourwhen theyregularly returnto theirattachment figurewhile playing
    • What is
      reciprocity?- Whenboththe baby and caregiverrespond to each other's signalandeach elicits a responseform the other
    • Give an
      exampleof reciprocity and thenameof this reciprocal interaction- For example, a caregiver mightrespond to the baby's smile by saying somethingwhich in turnelicits a responsefrom the baby
      - 'Turn-taking
    • What are
      Alert phases?- When babiessignalthat they are ready forinteraction
    • What did
      Feldman and Eidelman(2007) find about alert phases?-Mothertypicallypick up on and respondto alert phases2/3 of the time
    • What did finegood
      - That picking up and responding to alert phasesvaries according to the skill of the mother andexternal factors(e.g. stress)
    • How have
      traditional views of childhoodportrayed ababies role?- Traditional views of childhood haveportrayed babies in a passive role, receiving care from an adult
    • What
      roledo babies and caregivers have?- They have anactive role, both caninitiate interactionsandreciprocate behaviours
    • What did
      Brazletondescribe reciprocity as?- a 'dance
    • What did
      Tronick(1975) come up with for reciprocity?Thestill face experiment
    • What is
      interactional synchrony?Caregiver and babyreflectboth theactions and emotionsof the other and do this in aco-ordinated (synchronised)way.
    • When
      doesinteractional synchronytake place?When caregiver and baby interact in such a way thattheir actions and emotions mirror the other
    • Interactional synchrony
      What is themethodofMeltzoff and Moore(1977)?-Observedthe beginnings ofinteractional synchrony
      - An adult displayed:1)1 of 3 facial expressions(sticking tongue out, pouting, mouth open)2)1 of 3 distinctive gestures
      - The babies response wasfilmedand labelled by independent observers
    • What were the
      resultsofMeltzoff and Moore(1977)?- Found thatinteractional synchronyin babies begins attwo weeks old
      - Babiesmirroredthe expression and gestures of the adults
    • Interactional synchrony
      What is themethodthatIsabella et al(1989) used?- Observed30 mothers and babiestogether
      -Assessedthe degree ofsynchrony
      -Assessedthequalityof mother-babyattachment
    • What were the
      resultsof Isabella et al (1989) method?- Found thathigh levels of synchronywere associated withbetter qualitymother-babyattachment
      - e.g. the emotional intensity of the relationships
    • What is a
      strengthof research exploring caregiver-infant interactions?P -Research exploringcaregiver-infant interactions areusually filmedin a laboratory
      E -Meltzoff and Moorefilmed the babies response whichallowed researcherstocontrol for variables that could distractthe baby
      E - Suggest observers candraw accurate conclusions and establish inter-rater reliability.Observations can beanalysed at a later time- used toanalyse differencebetween attachment inculture and time
      L -Datagenerated would havegood reliability and validity
    • What is a
      limitationof research exploring caregiver-infant interactions?P - It isdifficult to interpreta baby'sbehaviour
      E - Infant'slack co-ordination and much of their bodies are almost immobile.Movementsbeing observed aresmall hand movementsorsubtle changesin expression
      E - wecannot be certain that behavioursseen in caregiver-infant interactionshave a special meaning
      L - Researchercannot be 100%if the infant isresponding to the caregiveror justmaking random movements
    • What is another
      limitationof caregiver- infant interactions?P - Simplyobservingbehaviourdoesnottell us thedevelopmental importanceof infants
      E -Feldmanpoints out thatideas like synchronysimply givenames to patternsofobservablecaregiver-infantbehaviours
      E - suggests thatwhile interactionscan bereliably observedthey still maynotbe particularlyuseful in understanding child development.Due to fact itdoes not tell us the purposeof the behaviours
      L - Wecannot be certainwhetherreciprocity and synchronyareimportant for a child's developmentfrom onlyobservationalresearch
    • What is a
      counter (strength)for this limitation?P -Evidencewhich showsearly interactionsareimportantfor thedevelopmentof infant
      E -Isabella et al.found thatachievement of interactional synchronypredicated thedevelopmentofgood quality attachment
      E - Caregiver-infant interactions areessential fordevelopment of attachmentwhich could effect theinfant's attachmentin adulthood
      L - understanding theimportance of early interactionscanresult in informing new parents to interact with their infants often- havingpositive effecton society