key terms

• What are 4 ways in which you can identify a chemical reaction

  -Change in appearance

  -An energy change

  -A precipitate forming

  -Production of gas
• What is an exothermic reaction

  chemical reactions in which energy is released to its surroundings or produced such as in combustion, fireworks, neutralisation.
• What is an endothermic reaction

  a reaction that takes in energy from its surroundings such as sherbet, photosynthesis and cool packs
• What is the test for oxygen


  Relights a glowing splint
• What is the test for hydrogen

  Burns with a pop
• What is the test for carbon dioxide

  Turns limewater cloudy
• What is the name and properties of group 1 elements

  Alkali metals

  Most reactive metals

  Form alkaline solution when reacted with water
• What is the name and properties of group 7 elements

  Non-metals

  Very reactive

  Contain covalent bonds

  Halogens
• What is the name and properties of group 8 elements

  Noble gases

  Non-metals

  Unreactive
• What 4 factors effect rate of reaction

  -temperature

  -concentration

  -surface area/particle size

  -presence of catalyst
• Why does increasing temperature increase rate of reaction

  Increases kinetic energy making particles move faster. The more successful collisions which produces a faster reaction.
• Why does increasing the concentration increase the rate of reaction?

  There are more particles present resulting in more collisions therefore a faster rate of reaction.
• Why does increasing the surface area increase the rate of reaction?

  Smaller pieces means more collisions faster reaction
• Why does a catalyst increase the rate of reaction?

  It reduces activation energy
• How can you measure rate of reaction (mass)

  
• How can you measure rate of reaction (gas production)

  
• Average rate of reaction

  change in quantity/change in time
• What is a homogeneous catalyst

  A catalyst in the same physical state to the reactants
• What is a hetrogenous catalyst

  Different physical state to reactant
• What is the charge, mass and location of a proton

  Charge: +1

  Mass: 1

  Location: Nucleus
• What is the charge, mass and location of a neutron

  Charge: 0

  Mass: 1

  Location: Nucleus
• What is the charge, mass and location of an electron

  Charge: 1-

  Mass: 0

  Location: Outside nucleus
• Why are atoms electrically neutral?

  they have equal numbers of protons and electrons
• Why is the nucleus positively charged

  Contains positive protons
• What is nuclide notation?

  
• What is an isotope?

  Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
• What is mass spectrometry used for?

  Determination of relative isotopic masses

  Determination of relative abundances of isotopes

  Calculation of relative atomic mass of an element from the relative abundances of its isotopes
• What is relative atomic mass

  An average mass of isotopes making up an element and how much of each element there is.
• What is an ion?

  charged particle
• Metals become what type of ion


  Lose electrons to become positive
• Non-metals become what type of ion

  Gain electrons to become negative ions
• Why do atoms become ions?

  To obtain a full valence shell of electrons and become stable like noble gases
• What is a covalent bond?


  A chemical bond formed when two or atoms share electrons.

  Formed by non-metals

  
• What is the force of attraction in a covalent bond

  between the positive nuclei and the negative electrons in the overlap region
• What are the 8 diatomic elements?

  Fluorine, chlorine, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, bromine, iodine
• What is the shape of a molecule determined by

  The repulsion between electrons
• What is the shape of a 5 element molecule

  Tetrahedral

  
• What is the shape of a 4 element molecule

  Pyramidal

  
• What is the shape of a 3 element molecule

  Angular/ bent

  
• What is the shape of a 2 element molecule


  Linear