“Communication is a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their internal stated with other people through the use of symbols”
GRICE AND SKINNER, 2010
“Sharing of meaning by sending and receiving symbolic cues”
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Through utterances
Rule-specific
Almost always planned
listening, speaking, reading, writing
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Through body movements other than that of the mouth
Spontaneous
unplanned and culturally diversed
NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
65-70% messages meaning is delivered using non-verbal cues
93% of the total impact of the message is conveyed through non-verbal factors
feelings and emotions are more accurately expressed by non-verbal communication
non-verbal communication is as important as verbal communication
INTIMATE ZONE: 1-1.5FT
PERSONAL ZONE: 1.5-4FT
SOCIAL ZONE: 4-12FT
PUBLIC ZONE: 12 OR MORE FEET
IMPROVING YOUR NV SKILLS
maintain eye contact
use posture to show interest
PROBE FOR MORE INFORMATION
avoid out of context NV
Study cultural diversities
improve your decoding skills
observe yourself in the mirror
do not forget how appearance says something
Enlist family and friends
CHANNEL verbal or non-verbal
MEDIUM - tools or instruments used to deliver the message
Idea formulation - (I think) The sender thinks of a message to communicate and decides to share it
- (I deliberate) The sender Transforms the message using verbal and non-verbal communication
Transmission - (I throw) The sender gives the message
Receiving - (I obtain) The receiver gets the message
Decoding - (I interpret) The receiver processes the information
Feedback - (I react) The receiver responds to the message
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL (BEFORE 300 BC)
one of the first and the simplest
The speaker delivers a speech on a certain occasion to an audience and there is an expected effect of the message to the audience
LASSWELL'S MODEL (1948)
A convenient way to describe an act of communication is to answer the five essential questions (Who - Says what - In which channel - to whom - with what effect)
SHANNON WEAVER’S MODEL (1949)
With noise source that is only present in the channel element
communication includes sender, encoder, channel, decoder, receiver.
There is also a concept of noise included in the model
SCHRAMM’S MODEL
What new to this model is the field of experience and common experience of the sender and receiver
”signal” is the field of common experience
BERLO’S MODEL
It has mainly four components to describe the communication process, as well as the factors that affect each component. They are sender, message, channel and receiver.
BARNLUND’S MODEL (1970)
Sending and receiving of messages happen simultaneously between people
In a venn diagram
JULIA WOOD’S MODEL (2009)
Venn diagram
Time is added as a new variable
As communication progresses over time, the shared world between communicators is enlarged. As people communicate, they learn each other’s values, beliefs, attitudes, predispositions to situations, moods and interests
E-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION MODEL (2016)
Context is important
LINEAR one-way process
Ex: Aristotle’s model
INTERACTIVE - participants take turns in acting as senders and receivers
Ex: schramm’s model
TRANSACTIONAL communication is ongoing or simultaneous
Ex: barnlund’s model & julia wood’s model
RECURSIVE sender and receiver find themselves going back to the previous stage to correct something
CYCLICAL a never-ending process
LANGUAGE - the system of symbols that people use to communicate with one another through speech, writing, gestures, etc.
Perception and language -your reality is different from everyone else’s
Poor listening - selective hearing
Emotional interference - manipulation
incorrect filtering
messages delivered lack details
closed communication climate -
Proper planning encourages communication; poor implementation inhibits communication
CONGRUENCY
refers to verbal and non-verbal communication that always complement each other.
The verbal form of communication is communicating should be the same with or seconded by your non-verbal communication.
you cannot be saying one thing but executing a completely different set of non-verbal cues that communicate exactly the opposite
CONCISENESS
when you communicate, you have to avoid including such words or actions that add no value to the message.
you have to consider using words and executing actions that will help make the person you are interacting with understand the message
CLARITY
avoiding being vague or unclear with what you are communicating; hence, your receiver’s understanding of the message is an important parameter as basis for achieving this principle of effective communication.
Clarity simply suggests that your words should always be understandable
no part of your message should be difficult to comprehend because this will only result in misunderstanding or miscommunication