BIOL 1030 Final

• Biodiversity


  All of the diversity/variety of life on Earth
• Systematics 


  study of evolutionary relationships between organism(s)
• Taxonomy


  the science of naming organisms
• Taxon


  (Plural Taxa) a named group of organisms
• Classification


  assigning organisms to meaningful, hierarchical groups (like genera or families)
• Phylogeny


  evolutionary history of an organism(s); where things originate; ancestry
• Birds are classified strangely because:

  According to Linnaean System:

  • Birds fall in class Aves
  • Reptiles fall in class Reptilia

  According to Systematics:

  • Birds are considered a subgroup of Reptilia
• Monophyletic group: the entire clade

  Paraphyletic group: ancestral species and some of the descendants

  Polyphyletic group: the descendants but not the common ancestor
• 3 Domains of Life:

  • Prokaryote
  • Eukaryote
  • Archaea
• Most bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan
• Gram Positive:

  • Purple when Stained
  • Thicker layer
  • Less Complex

  Gram Negative:

  • Pink when Stained
  • Thin Layer
  • More complex
• Capsules:

  • Dense, well defined, sticky layer surrounding the cell wall
  • Protects the cell
  • Helps adhere to surfaces
• Endospores:

  • Thick-coated, resistant cell within the bacterial cell.
  • Made when cells are exposed to harsh conditions
• Flagella:

  • Allows for taxis- directed movement toward/away from a stimulus
  • Motility
• Asexual reproduction is the method used by prokaryotes.
• Types of Horizontal Gene Transfer:

  • Transformation
  • when DNA is taken up from the environment
  • Transduction
  • bacteriophages carry genetic info from one host cell to another
  • Conjugation
  • DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells via a sex pilus.
• Thiomargarita namibiensis


  Largest Bacteria, can be seen with the naked eye
• Helicobacter pylori 


  Causes stomach ulcers

  Man named Barry Marshall drank a culture of it to prove it causes stomach ulcers
• Symbiosis:

  • Mutualism
  • Both parties benefit
  • Parasitism
  • One benefits, one is harmed
  • Commensalism
  • One benefits, one is unaffected
• All protists are in Domain Eukarya
• • Haploid (n): half the number of potential chromosomes
  • Diploid (2n): double the number of potential chromosomes
• • Mitosis: 1 replication + 1 division = identical daughter cells
  • Meiosis: 1 replication + 2 divisions = variety of haploid daughter cells
• Gamete: haploid (n), reproductive cells

  • Can be produced by meiosis and mitosis
  • Animals form gametes via meiosis
  • Fungi form Gametes via mitosis
• Syngamy: fusion of two cells together

  • Plasmogamy- first half; cell membrane and cytoplasm fuse
  • Karyogamy- last half; nuclei fuse
• Brown Algae:

  • largest and most complex kind of algae
  • All are multicellular; most are marine
  • Most are simply called seaweed
• Components of Brown Algae

  • Holdfast: anchors it down
  • Stipe: stem to support blades
  • Blade: leaflike structure
• Heteromorphic: sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different

  isomorphic: Structurally same
• Plasmodium spp.


  Causes Malaria
• Rhodophyte: "Red Algae"

  Chlorophyte: "Green Algae"
• Ophiocordyceps spp.


  Caustic fungus for 'zombie ants'
• Hyphae


  A network of tiny, connected filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus
• Mycelium


  mass network of hyphae in a fungus
• Mycorrhizae

  Association of a fungus and plant roots
• Spores


  Designed for dormancy and dispersal

  Can be carried long distanced by wind/water
• Ascomycetes

  Produce ascospores

  'Sac Fungi'
• Basidiomycetes


  Most mushrooms and what you would see at the store

  Decomposers
• Lichen:

  • Symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus.
  • Photosynthetic offers carbon compounds and fixes nitrogen
  • Fungus provides an environment to grow (hyphae)
• Sporangia


  Multicellular organs of sporophyte

  Produces spores

  Cell walls are made of sporopollenin
• Apical Meristems 


  Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots

  Can continuously divide to increase exposure to resources
• Cuticle


  Waterproof covering on the epidermis of many plant species

  Prevents water loss