1 - Characteristics and Classifications of Living Organisms

• Kingdoms -

  • plants
  • animals
  • fungi
  • protoctists 
  • prokaryotes
• Fishes:

  • body covering = scales
  • movement = fins (also used for balancing)
  • reproduction = produce jelly-covered eggs in water
  • sense organs = eyes, lateral line along body for detecting vibrations in water
  • other details = cold-blooded, gills for breathing
• Amphibia:

  • body covering = moist skin
  • movement = four limbs, back feet are often webbed to make swimming more efficient
  • reproduction = produce jelly-covered eggs in water
  • sense organs = eyes, ears
  • other details = cold-blooded, lungs and skin for breathing
• Reptiles:

  • body covering = dry skin with scales
  • movement = four legs (apart from snakes)
  • reproduction = produce eggs with a rubbery, water-proof shell; laid on land
  • sense organs = eyes, ears
  • other details = cold-blooded, lungs for breathing
• Birds:

  • body covering = feathers, with scales on legs
  • movement = two wings and two legs
  • reproduction = produce eggs with a hard shell; laid on land
  • sense organs = eyes, ears
  • other details = warm blooded, lungs for breathing, beak
• Mammal:

  • body covering = fur
  • movement = four limbs
  • reproduction = produce live youngs
  • sense organs = eyes, ears with a pinna (external flap)
  • other deails = warm blooded, lungs for breathing, females have mammary glands to produce milk to feed young, four types of teeth
• KINGDOMS WHICH HAVE … -

  • multicellular organisms = animals and plants
  • cell walls = plants (cellulose), fungi (chitin), some protoctists (cellulose), some prokaryotes (peptidoglycan)
  • unicellular = most protoctists and prokaryotes, some fungi
  • photosynthesis = plants, some protoctists
• Dichotomous key for kingdoms

  A) prokaryote

  B) animal

  C) plants

  D) fungi

  
• Insect:

  • exoskeleton = yes, made of chitin
  • jointed legs & number of legs = 6
  • body segmentation = head, thorax, abdomen
  • eyes = compound
  • antennas = one pair
• Myriapod:

  • exoskeleton = yes, made of mineral salts
  • jointed legs & number of legs = > 14
  • body segmentation = no obvious segmentation (25-100)
  • eyes = simple
  • antennas = one pair
• Arachnid:

  • exoskeleton = yes, made of chitin
  • jointed legs & number of legs = 8
  • body segmentation = cephalothorax, abdomen
  • eyes = simple
  • antennas = none
• Crustaceans:

  • exoskeleton = yes, made of chitin
  • jointed legs & number of legs = 8
  • body segmentation = cephalothorax, abdomen
  • eyes = compound
  • antennas = two pairs
• Plant Kingdom

  A) long and narrow

  B) parallel veins

  C) branching

  D) one cotyledon in the seed

  E) three

  F) taproot

  G) five

  H) two cotyledon in the seed

  I) four

  J) five

  K) broad shape

  L) fibrous spreading

  
• How are organisms classified?

  Can be classfied through evolutionary relationships
• Angiosperms -

  • plants with flowers and seeds
  • have seeds enclosed in fruits
  • able to reproduce by using flowers, nectaries and scent to attract insects or the wind to help them pollinate
• Virus -

  • has a protein coat known as capsid
  • genetic materials which can be in the form of RNA or DNA