Bio Animal Cells and Tissues

• Animal, any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms
• Animals are thought to have evolved independently from the unicellular eukaryotes
• Animals


  • They have developed muscles and hence mobility, a characteristic that has stimulated the further development of tissues and organ systems
• Types of Basic Animal Cells

  • Skin Cells
  • Muscle Cells
  • Blood Cells
  • Fat Cells
  • Nerve Cells
  • Bone Cells
• Keratinocytes


  Make up 90% of all skin cells and produce a protein called keratin
• Melanocytes


  Produce melanin which gives color to skin
• Myocytes


  Muscle cells that are long tubular cells that help organisms move their limbs and organs
• Red blood cells


  Make up 99% of all blood cells and deliver oxygen to different parts of the body
• White blood cells


  Find and destroy pathogens and other harmful substances in the body
• Adipocytes


  Storage cells for fats and lipids which are reserves of energy
• Neurons


  The main cells of the nervous system that carry messages and deliver signals to different parts of the body using their dendrites and axons
• Osteocytes


  Majority of cells embedded within the substance of fully formed bone
• Types of Animal Tissue

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscular
  • Nervous
• Epithelial Tissue


  • Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities, some epithelial cells secrete glands
• Connective Tissue


  • Binds and supports body parts
• Muscular Tissue


  • Long cylindrical fibers arranged in parallel arrays which allows the parts of the body to move
• Nervous Tissue


  • Receives, processes, and transmits information from one part of the body to another
• Types of Epithelial Tissue

  • Squamous
  • Columnar
  • Glandular
  • Ciliated
  • Cuboidal
  • Stratified

  
• Squamous Epithelium


  Flat and thin cells with no intercellular spaces between cells
• Columnar Epithelium


  Cylindrical in shape, it facilitates the movement of nutrients across epithelial barrier
• Glandular Epithelium


  It forms from a columnar epithelial cell, it secretes substances
• Ciliated Epithelium


  A columnar cell with hair-like projections called cilia that push the mucus forward into the nasal tract to clear it
• Cuboidal Epithelium


  Cube-like in shape, it provides mechanical support to organs
• Stratified Epithelium


  Forms layers of epithelial cells, composed of one or different types of epithelial cells
• Types of Connective Tissue

  • Blood
  • Bone
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilage
  • Areolar
  • Adipose
• Blood


  A fluid connective tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

  
• Bone


  Bone cells are embedded in a matrix composed of calcium and phosphorous compounds, they are hard and porous
• Fibrous Connective Tissues


  Ligaments connect two bones, tendons connect bones to the muscles, they add strength to muscles
• Cartilage


  Widely spaced cells suspended in a matrix of protein and sugars, adds mechanical support and flexibility
• Areolar Connective Tissue


  Cells that fill the space inside organs and give them mechanical support
• Adipose Connective Tissues


  Filled with fat globules, they act as an insulator
• Types of Muscular Tissue

  • Striated (Skeletal)
  • Unstriated (Smooth)
  • Cardiac
• Striated Muscle (Skeletal)


  Cylindrical in shape and contains many nucleus, each muscle fiber has alternating dark and light-colored bands called striations, helps animals move limbs and lift objects, it is a voluntary muscle
• Unstriated Muscle (Smooth)


  Has the shape of a spindle, and has one nucleus, has no striations, it moves food down the esophagus, stomach, and through the intestines, it is an involuntary muscle
• Cardiac Muscle


  Branched muscle, cylindrical in shape with a single nucleus, its contraction and relaxation produce heartbeats which force blood to circulate, it is an involuntary muscle
• Components of Nervous Tissue

  • Neuron
  • Glial Cell (Neuroglia)
• Neuron


  A nerve cell which is the building block of the nervous system, it specializes in receiving, processing, and transmitting information throughout the body
• Glial Cell (Neuroglia)


  Surrounds neurons and holds them in place, supplies nutrients and oxygen to neurons, insulates one neuron from another, destroys pathogens and dead neurons
• Some Specialized Cells in the Human Body

  • Neurons
  • Muscle Cells
  • Sperm Cells
  • Ovum Cells
  • Red Blood Cells
  • White Blood Cells
  • Microvilli
  • Ciliated Epithelial Cells
• Neurons


  Receive, process, and send out information to other parts of the body, the branchlike structures of dendrites and axons facilitate the conduction of these impulses