Digestive

• Digestion


  Begins with Feeding (Ingestion), then Mechanical & Chemical Digestion

  
• Mumps


  Viral infection of the Parotid Glands
• Pharynx (Throat)


  Formation of Bolus and Swallowing
• Stomach


  Protein Digestion Begins

  
• Gastric Juice


  HCl acid + Pepsin enzyme
• Small Intestine


  The Duodenum
• Pancreatic Juice


  • Alkaline Juice (bicarbonate) to neutralize acidic chyme
  • Trypsin
  • Chymotrypsin
  • Lipase (including phospholipase)
  • Pancreatic Amylase
  • Nuclease
• Bile Acids


  Aid in the mechanical break up of lipids in the duodenum
• CCK (cholecystokinin hormone)


  Acts on gall bladder
• Intestinal Villi


  The Functional Units of the Small Intestine

  
• Gastrointestinal epithelium


  Composed of enterocytes, goblet cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, tuft cells and stem cells
• Absorption of Nutrients


  By the Villus
• Goblet Cells in Villus

  Mucus secreting
• Enzymes Produced by Small Intestine

  • Maltase
  • Lactase
  • Sucrase
  • Other "disaccharidases"
  • Peptidases
  • Nucleotidases
  • Nucleosidases
• Large Intestine


  Water Absorption
• Digestive Enzymes


  • Salivary Amylase
  • Pepsin
  • Pancreatic Amylase
  • Trypsin
  • Nuclease
  • Lipase
  • Maltase
  • Peptidases
  • Nucleotidases
  • Sucrase
  • Lactase
• Digestive Enzyme Properties


  • Produced by
  • Site of action
  • Optimum pH
  • Digestion
• Digestive Hormones


  • Gastrin
  • Secretin
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
• Gastrin


  Produced by stomach, in response to partially digested proteins and stomach stretching, main effect is gastric juice secretion

  
• Secretin


  Produced by duodenum, in response to acid chyme, main effect is pancreatic juice secretion

  
• Cholecystokinin (CCK)


  Produced by duodenum, in response to fat, main effects are bile production and gall bladder contraction
• Insulin


  Produced by pancreas, in response to elevated blood glucose, main effect is lowering blood glucose
• Glucagon


  Produced by pancreas, in response to low blood glucose, main effect is raising blood glucose
• Teeth

  Grind food down into smaller pieces
• Tongue

  Aids with swallowing by pushing food to the back of the throat
• Salvatory Glands

  Produces saliva
• Pharynx

  Passage for both air and food
• esophagus

  carries food and liquid from the throat down to the stomach
• Stomach

  secretes digestive enzymes and gastric acid to aid in food digestion
• Liver

  detoxifies various mutability, synthesises proteins and produces biochemicals necessary for DIGESTION

  regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cell, and production of hormones
• Gallbladder

  receives and stores bile
• Pancreases

  Secreying pancreatic juice containing bicarbonate to neutrilze acidic chyme

  other enzymes that help with digestion and absorbtion
• Small Intestine

  is where most of the end absorption of food takes place. The small intestine has three distinct regions–the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Its primary function is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food, using small finger-like protrusions called villi. It is about 22 feet long in adults.
• Large

  Water is absorbed here, and the remaining waste material is stored as feces before being removed by defecation. The large intestine is about 5 feet long, about one-fifth the length of the whole gastrointestinal tract.
• Appendix

  helps to fight of pathogens
• Rectum

  Collects and holds feces before time to release
• Anus

  Pass stool out the body
• Gastrin

  Produced by: C cells

  Response to: Protein in stomach

  Main effects: Gatric Juice secretion
• Secretin

  Produced: S cells

  Response: Acid Chyme
• CCK

  Produced: I cells

  Response: fats in duodenum

  Effect: Bile production, gallbladder contractions