chap 6 and 7 anstony exam

• Source-filter theory


  Oral cavity shapes speech sounds, air passes through vocal folds causing vibration. The air encounters obstructions made by articulators, changing sound waves. The resonant frequencies are determined by the shape and length of the vocal tract.
• Dental occlusion


  The alignment and contact of the upper and lower teeth
• Dental occlusion classifications


  • Class 1: a little misalignment (normal)
  • Class 2 : upper molars are more forward then lower(overbite)
  • Class 3 : lower molars are more forward then upper(underbite)
  • Open bite: thumb-sucking
  • Overjet: teeth tilt out, upper beyond lower teeth
• Tooth development


  The permanent teeth push out the infant teeth
• Intrinsic vs extrinsic tongue muscles

  Intrinsic: Contained within the tongue, control fine movements and change the shape of the tongue. Extrinsic: Outside muscles that move the tongue within the oral cavity.
• Pharyngeal muscles


  • Superior pharyngeal constrictor: constricts diameter, pulls pharyngeal wall forward
  • Middle pharyngeal constrictor: constricts diameter, makes pharynx narrow
  • Inferior pharyngeal constrictor: constricts diameter, makes pharynx narrow
  • Cricopharyngeus: opening of esophagus, constricts opening of esophagus
  • Stylopharyngeus: elevates and opens pharynx
• General speech functions of articulators

  • Lips: Rounding, retracting, compressing

  Velum: Elevating, retracting, lowering

  Mandible: Depressing, lowering, elevating

  Tongue: Shaping sounds in oral cavity
• CV syllables


  Simple, easy to produce when babbling. Building blocks of words, practice for moving mouth muscles.
• Coarticulation


  Overlap of one articulation posture into another to produce one speech sound
• How articulators move to produce phonemes

  • Tongue: Touches alveolar ridge for consonants, affects shape and size of oral cavity for vowels

  Lips: Close together for bilabial sounds, lower lip touches upper teeth for labiodental sounds

  Jaw: Opens and closes

  Palate: Lowers for nasal sounds, raises for oral sounds
• Points of constriction for consonant sounds


  /s/: Narrow constriction in oral cavity

  /b/: Closure/constriction at the lips

  /n/: Closure at vocal tract, open nasal passage
• Difference between consonants and vowels

  Consonants: Cause constriction, more closed, shorter duration, convey meaning

  Vowels: Open vocal tract, allow free airflow, longer duration, affect quality of speech
• Difference between resonance and articulation

  Resonance: Increases energy and loudness of sound by changing volume and length of vocal tract

  Articulation: Creates points of constriction or closure in vocal tract, controls shape and movement of articulators
• What are mobile articulators?

  -Tongue: biggest, shapes oral cavity to produce speech sounds

  -mandible: lower jaw, moves up and down, forward and backward

  -velum: soft palate, when raised it closes off nasal cavity to produce oral sounds and when lowered it opens nasal cavity to produce nasal sounds

  -lips: moved to produce speech, retract, round, press

  -cheek: change resonance cavity, size and shape
• what are the immobile articulators?

  -alveolar ridge: the maxilla, upper jaw, bony ridge behind upper teeth

  -hard palate: roof of mouth

  -teeth: changes airflow by contact with lips or tongue, /F/ or /V/
• what are the facial bones?

  -mandible: unpaired lower jaw, point of fusion for mental symphysis, marks midline mental protuberance and separates mental tubercles, largest and strongest, articulates with TMJ, chewing and speech

  -maxilla: paired upper jaw, forms floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity, contains upper teeth

  -nasal bone: paired, "bridge of nose"

  -vomer: unpaired, nasal septum, cartilage and bone

  -zygomatic: paired cheekbones, attachment point for chewing and expression

  -lacrimal: paired, makes tears

  -inferior nasal conchae: paired, nasal cavity
• What are the cranial bones?

  • frontal: forehead
  • occipital: back and base of skull, opening for spinal cord
  • sphenoid: side, base of skull, formation of eye socket
  • ethmoid: cranial/nasal space, front of sphenoid bone
  • parietal: paired, forms curve of head, meet at sagital suture
  • temporal: paired, sides of head (ears), attach to inner jaw by TMJ
• What are the parts of a tooth?

  • crown: part we can see above gum line
  • root: under the crown, anchors the jaw
  • enamel: outer covering of crown, protects dentin
  • dentin: hard tissue: makes up bulk of tooth
  • pulp: soft tissue in center of tooth, nerves and blood vessels
  • gum: gingiva, soft tissue surrounds tooth, covers jawbone
  • cementum: holds in place, covers tooth root
  • periodontal ligament: attaches root to jaw bone, stability and support
• what are the types of teeth?

  • incisors: front teeth, first we lose, flat and sharp, biting and cutting
  • canines: pointy teeth next to incisors, biting and tearing
  • premolar: flat teeth behind canines, grinding and chewing
  • molar: big teeth, chewing and grinding, wisdom teeth (3rd molar)
• what are tooth surfaces?

  • occlusal: top, chewing surface, top of molars
  • buccal: cheek, teeth facing cheek
  • labial: outer surface of teeth touching lips, incisors and canines
  • lingual: surface of tooth comes in contact with tongue
• oral cavity of vocal tract

  • oral cavity: undergoes most change, altered by tongue and mandible
  • anterior (front): teeth and alveolar process, bounded by lips and teeth
  • superior (top): hard and soft palate
  • inferior (bottom): tongue and floor of mouth
  • posterior (back): palatoglossal arch, oral and pharyngeal cavity
• More cavitites of articluatory/vocal tract?


  buccal: between lips/cheeks and gums, air can be stored here

  nasal: "nares"=nostrils, above hard palate, where back meets throat
• what includes the pharyngeal cavity in the vocal tract

  -nasopharynx: posterior (behind) nasal cavity

  -oropharynx: posterior (behind) oral cavity

  -laryngopharynx: posterior (behind) hyoid bone and larynx, extends down esophageal sphincter
• what is orbicularis oris?

  -muscle going around lips

  -origin: one corner of mouth

  -insert: opposite corner

  -function: helps close/purse lips, kissing, shapes speech sound that need lip rounding
• what are the facial muscles?

  -orbicularis oris

  -risorius

  -buccinator

  -zygomatic major and minor

  -depressor labii inferioris

  -levator labii superoris

  -levator labii superioris alaque nasal

  -mentalis

  -depressor anguli

  -levator anguli oris
• what is the risorius?

  origin: covering of masseter muscle

  inserts: coners of orbicularis oris

  function: pulls corner of lip/mouth, aka fake smile
• what is the buccinator?

  -trumpeter muscle

  origin: pterygomandibular ligament, maxilla, last molars of mandible

  inserts: corners of orbicularis oris

  function: compress lips and teeth against teeth, corner of mouth move up and down
• zygomatic, major and minor?

  origin: zygomatic bone (cheek bone)

  inserts: orbicularis oris

  function: major- elevating and retracting, big smile, minor-lifts upper lip
• what is the depressor labii inferoris?

  origin: mandible

  inserts: lower lip

  function: depressing and laterally retract lower lip
• what is levator labii superioris?

  origin: orbit (eye bone), zygomatic bone(cheek bone), maxilla (top jaw)

  inserts: superior (top) of orbicularis oris

  function: elevates lip up
• what is levator labii superioris alaque nasal?

  origin: maxilla (upper jaw)

  inserts: nose and orbicularis oris

  function: elevates upper lip and flares nostrils
• what is the mentalis?

  -sad muscle

  origin: mandible

  inserts: skin of chin

  function: elevates/wrinkles chin (pouting)
• what is the depressor anguli oris?

  -sad

  origin: lateral mandible

  inserts: orbicularis oris

  function: pulls sides down
• what is the levator anguli oris?

  -cheerful

  origin: maxilla

  inserts: corner of lips

  function: corner of mouth up
• what is the genioglossus tongue muscle?

  -strongest and largest in middle

  origin: mandible

  inserts: lower fibers in hyoid and upper fibers into body of tongue tip

  function: retracts anterior tongue, protruding, depresses tongue
• what is the hyoglossus tongue muscle?

  origin: hyoid bone

  inserts: sides of tongue

  function: draws tongue up and back
• what is the styloglossus tongue muscle?

  origin: styloid process of temporal bone

  inserts: inferior sides of tongue

  function: draws tongue up and back
• what is the palatoglossus tongue muscle?


  origin: starts on soft palate

  inserts: back and lateral sides of tongue

  function: elevates tongue or depresses soft palate
• what are the elevator mandible muscles?

  -masseter

  -temporalis

  -medial pterygoid

  -lateral pterygoid
• what is the masseter mandible elevator muscle?

  -chewing

  origin: zygomatic arch

  inserts: ramous of the mandible and coronoid process

  function: elevates mandible