Crim 2

• refers to the organized pattern of social relationships and institutions in a society.

  Social structure
• aim to explain why individuals engage in criminal behavior and how broader social factors contribute to criminality

  Sociological theories
• Types of social institution

  Family, environment, schools, mass media and peer groups
• That the crime is the result of an individual's location within the structure of society

  Social structure theories.
• That the Crime is the end product of various social processes.

  Social process/social development theories
• Crime is the product of class struggle

  Conflict theories
• Which look at formal and ______ and ______ of society as the root causes of crime and deviance.

  informal economic, social arrangements
• perspective sees crime as primarily y a lower-class phenomenon, while the criminality of the middle and upper class is frequently considered to be less serious, less frequent and less dangerous

  The social structural
• These theories examine how social arrangements can either encourage or discourage criminal conduct.

  Social structure Theories
• Types of immediate social environment

  The family,peer groups and school
• This theory seeks to explain community differences in crime rates

  Social disorganization theory
• Root causes of deviance

  Social conflict and lack of social consensus
• a French sociologist introduced the term "anomie", which derived from the greek word nomos which means without norms or normlessness

  David Emile Durkheim
• According to him, an anomic society is one which rules behavior (norms) have broken down during the periods of rapid social change or social crisis such as war

  David Emile Durkheim
• This theory talks about goal-means blockage

  Strain Theory
• Strain means?

  Pressure
• An American sociologist, applied Durkheim's ideas of anomie to criminology. He holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goal people have and the means they can use to legally obtain that goals.

  Robert Merton
• Without _____ there would be no evolution in law

  Crime
• those who failed to attain their goals because of inadequate means would

  Feel anger, frustration and resentment
• Types of strain Theory

  General and specific strain theory
• These theories examine how social arrangements can either encourage or discourage criminal conduct

  Social structure Theories
• The individual accepts both conventional goals and means.

  Conformity
• pursuing wealth by illegitimate

  Innovation
• Not actively pursuing wealth. In addition, ___ refers to the type behavior arising when members of society participate in socially desirable means b ed show little interest in goal achievement.

  Ritualism
• It describes the behavior of those who reject both socially aproved goals and the means.

  Retreastism
• rejecting the goal of wealth and the institutional means of getting

  Rebellion
• Develope of General strain Theory

  Robert Agnew
• suggests that individuals engage in crime behavior as a coping mechanism in response to the negative emotional experience resulting from various strains or stressors.

  General strain theory
• This involves the occurrence of negative events or conditions in an individual's life, such as the loss of a job, financial difficulties, or victimization

  Objective Strain
• This refers to individuals' perceptions and interpretations of events as stresstul. What one person considers a strain might not be perceived as such by another.

  Subjective strain
• This involves expectations of future negative events or conditions, leading to stress and potential criminal behavior

  Anticipated strain
• provide insights into the various circumstances that can lead individuals, especially youth, to experience stress and frustration.

  Sources of strain
• Strain arises when Individuals fiompare themselves to peers wichievements. Strain af successful socially. financially, leading to feelings of tro appear and bitress.

  Disjunction of Expectations and Achievements
• Strain occurs when individuals experience the loss of positive stimuli, leading to potential delinquent behavior as they attempt to prevent the loss, recover what was lost, find substitutes, or seek revenge.

  Removal of positively valued stimuli
• Strain can result from the presence of negative stimuli, leading individuals to experience stress and frustration

  Presentation of negative stimuli
• also known as cultural deviance theory, is a sociologie perspective that seeks to explain criminal behavior within the context of conflicting culture values and norms.

  Culture conflict theory
• Cultural Diversity is a foundational premise of Culture Conflict Theory, positing that society is inherently diverse, comprising various cultural.


  Cultural Diversity.
• MThe theory posits that conflict occurs when individuals from different cultural backgrounds find themselves in situations where their values clash

  Conflict of Values
• When individuals frorn marginalized or disadvantaged cultural groups experience strain or frustration due to blocked opportunities, they may develop their own subcultural values and coping mechanisms.

  Subcultural Responses to Strain
• Deviant behavior is learned and transmitted within subcultures.

  Cultural transmission of deviance