RT11

• Pharmacology


  A branch of science that deals with the study of drugs and chemicals and how they interact with living organisms
• Drug Nomenclature


  The system of naming drugs, which involves assigning specific names to identify and communicate information about pharmaceutical substances
• Types of Names Associated with Drugs

  • Chemical name
  • Generic name
  • Trade name
• Chemical Name


  The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) designation that identifies the structure of the compound
• Generic Name


  The shortened version of the drug name, the official non-proprietary name given to the active chemical ingredients contained in a particular drug product
• Brand Name


  Also known as proprietary name or trade name, selected by the manufacturer for marketing purposes
• Brand Names for Paracetamol

  • Panadol, Calpol, Tylenol, Biogesic
• Complete Example of Drug Nomenclature: Chemical name: N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide, Generic name: Paracetamol, Brand name: Biogesic
• Methods of Drug Classification

  • Chemical group
  • Mechanism/site of action
  • Primary effect
• Chemical Group


  Common classification of drugs, generally drugs that have the same drug action and pharmacological effect have a basic skeletal structure and a minute variation in the branching
• Example of Chemical Group

  • Beta-Lactam Antibiotic
• Mechanism of Action


  Categorization from a pharmacological perspective, categorizes drugs by their biological target and the type of activity at that biological target
• Example of Mechanism of Action

  • Beta-blockers
• Primary Effect


  Categorization from a medical perspective, categorizes drugs by the pathology they are used to treat
• Examples of Primary Effect

  • Antibiotic, Antihypertensive
• Pharmacodynamics


  General pharmacologic principle that deals with the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action
• Pharmacokinetics


  General pharmacologic principle that deals with the study of the movement of drugs within the body, including the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
• Mechanism of Drug Action


  The method by which a drug elicits effects, through drug-receptor interactions, drug-enzyme interactions, or nonspecific drug interactions
• Indication


  The reason to use a certain medicine
• Contraindication


  A condition or factor that serves as a reason to withhold a certain medical treatment due to the harm that it would cause to the patient
• Indication and Contraindication for Paracetamol Biogesic

  • Indication: Reduction of fever, relief of minor aches and pains due to headache, common cold, and arthritis

  Contraindication: Hypersensitivity to paracetamol, repeated administration in patients with anemia, cardiac, pulmonary, renal and hepatic damage
• Dosage


  The prescribed administration of a specific amount, number, and frequency of doses over a specific period of time
• Dosage for Paracetamol Biogesic

  • Tab; Adults and children > 12 years: 1-2 tabs every 4 to 6 hours, or as needed
• Routes of Drug Administration

  • Oral
  • Sublingual
  • Rectal
  • Topical
  • Parenteral (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous)
• Oral Route


  Most frequently used route, solid dose forms like tablets and capsules have high drug stability and provide accurate dosage
• Sublingual Route


  The sublingual mucosa offers a rich supply of blood vessels through which drugs can be absorbed rapidly into the systemic circulation
• Rectal Route


  Offers a valuable means of localized drug delivery into the large bowel, e.g. rectal steroids for inflammatory bowel disease
• Topical Route


  Allows the drug to be made available almost directly at the intended site of action, reducing the risk of systemic side effects
• Parenteral Route


  Any non-oral means of drug administration, generally referring to injection directly into the body
• Side Effects


  Predictable pharmacologic actions on body systems other than the intended action, can be good or bad
• Side Effects of Hydroxyzine

  • Antiemetic activity, anxiety relief
• Complications


  An unfavorable result of a disease, health condition, or treatment, involving a worsening in severity or the development of new signs, symptoms or pathological changes
• Compatibility


  Drug interaction, the alteration of drug effect due to the influence of another substance resulting in a solution that is no longer optimal for the patient
• Medical History


  Inquiry into the patient's medical history, past surgical history, family medical history, social history, allergies, and medications
• Allergies


  An immune system reaction to a foreign substance, where the immune system produces antibodies that identify the allergen as harmful
• Age


  The length of time that a person has lived
• Sex


  Gender, the range of characteristics pertaining to, and difference between, femininity and masculinity
• Pharmacokinetics


  The process of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated throughout the body, determining the onset, duration, and offset of drug action
• Pharmacokinetic Processes


  • Liberation
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
• Six Rights of Drug Safety

  • The right medication
  • The right dose
  • The right patient
  • The right time
  • The right location
  • The right documentation