RIZAL - 19th Century

• Cash crop - crops cultivated for export
• Decree - an order issued by a legal authority; a policy pronouncement
• Galleon trade - from 1565-1815, this was the form of trade between the Philippines and mexico. The galleons would sail to Mexico loaded with goods and return to the Philippines carrying the payment in silver.
• Insulares - pure-blooded Spanish born in the Philippines
• Mestizo - a person with mixed ancestry—one parent is Chinese or Spanish and the other is a native; an important sector of the population in nineteenth century Philippines
• Merchant houses - firms established in Manila and other cities by foreign traders
• Pacto de retroventa - an agreement that allowed a landowner to sell his /her land with that guarantee that he/she could by the land back in the same price.
• Parian - Chinese enclave established in 1581 outside the walls of intramuros. the Chinese were forced to live in the parian
• Peninsulares- pure-blooded Spanish born in spain
• Principalia - wealthy pure-blooded natives said to have descended from kadatoan class
• Sangley - a term that proliferated in the Spanish Philippines to refer to people of pure Chinese descent; came from Hokkien word "seng-li" meaning business
• Social Stratification - a way by which people in the society are categorized based on socio-economic as well as political standard
• Indio - pure-blooded natives of the Philippines
• Chino infiel - non catholic pure blooded chinese
• Martyr - a person who sacrifices something of great vale and especially life itself for the sake of principle
• 19th Century - considered as an era of profound change
• Late 18th century -spanish monarchy experienced a dynastic change
• Dynastic Change;

  Habsburgs to Bourbons
• Dynastic Change; Habsburgs to Bourbons
• Jose de Basco y Vargas - first governor-general under the Bourbons mandate
• Galleon trade - the main economic institution existing in the Philippines by the time Basco arrived.
• Royal Philippine Company - to facilitate the reorientation of economy
• Catholic Church - was a resistance for labor realignments entailed by the planned reform and traders that are holding on the galleon
• Basco pushed for reforms;

  1. Lifted a ban on Chinese merchants
  2. Developed cash crop
  3. Gradual opening of manila to foreign market
  4. Established tobacco monopoly
• Mexican War of independence - (1810) rattled Spanish empire, loss of latin American colonies
• Mexican War of independence - end of galleon trade
• 1834 - manila has opened to world trade
• Inquilinus - person who let farmers rent smaller lands
• Chinese and Chinese mestizo - great beneficiaries for the changing economy
• Chinese proved to be "necessary outsider"
• Due to increase demands of literate population, passage of educational decree (1863) for free primary education
• Governor-general Narciso Claveria (1849) - proposed a decree adoption of last names.
• Cedula personal - bearing one's name and residence
• Guardia civil - to carry out policies