Physics

• Quantum mechanics theory


  Explains the dual nature of light, treating it as both a wave and a particle
• Converging lens


  Commonly used in magnifying glasses and microscopes
• Light


  Has wave-particle duality, behaves as a wave and as a particle, depending on what is being observed
• Newton's First Law


  Moving objects will keep moving with the same speed and direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force
• Law of Inertia


  Newton's Law of motion states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force
• Aristotle's view of motion

  Differs from Galileo's
• Aristotle's view of motion

  All objects naturally come to rest
• Galileo's view of motion

  Objects in motion tend to stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force
• Observations led the Greeks to conclude that the earth is sphere
• The Moon and the Sun are both spherical
• The Earth casts a circular shadow on the Moon during a lunar eclipse
• The North Star has different positions depending on the location of the observer
• Tycho Brahe is the Danish astronomer who made precise observations of the movement of celestial bodies that were used as basis of Kepler's three laws of planetary motion
• Heliocentric Model


  Recognizes the Sun as the center of the solar system and all planets, including the Earth revolve around it
• Geocentric model


  The earth is at the center
• Pluto is an astronomical phenomenon was not yet known to astronomers before the advent of telescopes
• Solar eclipse


  An astronomical phenomenon wherein the moon passes between the Earth and the Sun
• Greeks initially observe evidence suggesting the Earth's spherical shape that they analyzing patterns in the movements of celestial bodies
• Position of the North Star (Polaris) is a celestial event was used by sailors for navigation across oceans
• Eratosthenes calculate the Earth's circumference, demonstrating Greek knowledge of its spherical nature by measuring the angle of the Sun's shadow in two different locations at the same time
• The lesson can be learned from the Greek observation that the Earth is spherical is the importance of empirical observation in scientific inquiry
• Galileo's assertion about force and horizontal motion

  An object already in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion and does not require external force to maintain its motion
• 3rd Law of planetary motion

  The orbital period is directly proportional to the average distance from the Sun, meaning planets farther from the Sun have longer orbital periods
• Kepler's first law of planetary motion

  Elliptical is the shape of the orbit followed by a planet around the sun
• Kepler's second law of planetary motion

  The Law of equal areas
• Aristotle's point of view on vertical motion

  Heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects because of their mass
• Galileo's view on motion

  When a body is in motion, there is a resistance force called friction that opposes its motion that causes it to stop
• Newton's first law


  • Earth continues to revolve around the Sun
  • Cars continue to run even without stepping on the gas
• Reflection and refraction are phenomena explained by both the wave and particle models of light, showcasing the dual nature of light as both waves and particles
• Photographers control light carefully so that light-sensitive photographic paper would not become overexposed and ruin the pictures during the developing process. They used red lightning for these rooms
• Photoelectric effect


  When light shines on a metal, electrons can be ejected from the surface of the metal. This process is also often referred to as photoemission, and the electrons that are ejected from the metal are called photoelectrons
• The photoelectric effect suggested a particle nature for light
• Thomas Young's double-slit experiment


  Proved that light consisted of waves by demonstrating how those waves interact with each other
• The double-slit experiment determined diffraction and interference
• Diffraction


  The bending and spreading of waves around an obstacle, most pronounced when a light wave strikes an object with a size comparable to its own wavelength
• Nimbus clouds are dark because they contain a very high concentration of water droplets that do not allow sunlight to pass through them
• Dispersion of Light


  The splitting of white light when it passes through a glass prism into its constituent spectrum of colors (i.e. violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red)
• Mirage


  An optical phenomenon in which a distant object appears to be present, even though it is not actually there, caused by the refraction of light rays as they pass through layers of air with varying densities
• Blue light is scattered in all directions by the tiny molecules of air in Earth's atmosphere, more than other colors because it travels as shorter, smaller waves, which is why we see a blue sky most of the time
• Lunar halo


  Created when light is refracted, reflected, and dispersed through ice crystals suspended in cirrus or cirrostratus clouds located at an altitude of 20,000 feet (6,000 meters) and higher, up to 40,000 feet (12,000 meters)